先锋天堂AV在线网_午夜片无码区在线观视频_一级黄片中文字幕无码专区_亚州一级AV免费观看

閬曞弽閷勯煶閷勫儚瑕�(gu墨)瀹氳▕鍟忕瓎閷勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鐮旂┒

钁� 鍧�

闂�(gu膩n)閸佃: 閷勯煶閷勫儚锛涜▕鍟忕瓎閷�锛涜瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏

鍏�(n猫i)瀹规彁瑕�: 鍏ㄧ▼鍚屾閷勯煶閷勫儚涓嶅儏鍙互鎿�(d膩n)淇濊▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛岄倓鍙互鎻愰珮瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鏄庡姏銆傚湪鈥滃挤(qi谩ng)鍒舵€ч寗闊抽寗鍍忊€濇浠朵腑锛屼笉瑕�(gu墨)鑼冪殑閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤寰�(f霉)闆滃妯�锛屽彧鏈夆€滀笉鍚堢悊鈥濈殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤鎵嶆渻(hu矛)灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熻純澶у奖闊�锛屼絾涔熷苟涓嶅繀鐒朵娇瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鍠け璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屽彧鏈�(hu矛)灏�(d菐o)鑷磋瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鏈夌憰鐤碉紝姝ゆ檪(sh铆)锛屽皪(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏闇€瑕佷簣浠ヨ(b菙)姝�銆傝(b菙)姝ｇ殑璺緫鏄€氶亷璀夋槑瑷婂晱绋嬪簭鐨勫悎娉曟€т締淇濊瓑渚涜堪鐨勮嚜鎰挎€э紝寰炶€屾仮寰�(f霉)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏銆傝▕鍟忕▼搴忓悎娉曠殑鑸夎瓑鏂规槸妾㈠療姗�(j墨)闂�(gu膩n)锛岃瓑鏄庢柟寮忛噰鑷敱璀夋槑锛岃瓑鏄庢(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎳�(y墨ng)閬�(d谩)鍒板劒(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)璀夋摎(j霉)鍗冲彲銆�

涓€銆佸晱椤岀殑鎻愬嚭

闀蜂箙浠ヤ締锛屸€滃瘑瀹よ▕鍟忊€濋＝鍙楄┈鐥�銆傚皝闁夌殑瑷婂晱绌洪枔灏囩姱缃珜鐤戜汉鑸囧鐣岄殧闆�锛屼娇鍏惰檿浜庡绔嬬劇鎻寸殑澧冨湴銆傚悓鏅�(sh铆)锛岃▕鍟忕殑涓嶉€忔槑涔熺偤瑷婂晱涓婚珨鈥斺€斿伒鏌ヤ汉鍝℃彁渚涗簡鍒戣▕鐨勪究鍒┿€傛墍璎傗€滄０妤氫箣涓�锛屼綍姹傝€屼笉寰�?鈥漿1}浜嬪(sh铆)璀夋槑锛屸€滃瘑瀹よ▕鍟忊€濅腑鐨勫垜瑷婇€间緵鏄噣鎴愬啢鍋囬尟(cu貌)妗堢殑閲嶈瑾樺洜銆傛濡傛湁瀛�(xu茅)鑰呮墍瑷€锛氣€滃湪姣忎竴璧峰垜浜嬮尟(cu貌)妗堣儗鍚�锛屽熀鏈笂閮芥湁鍒戣▕閫间緵鐨勫奖瀛愶紝鈥漿2}鑰屾槧瑗€欎竴鈥滃奖瀛愨€濈殑鑳屾櫙姝ｆ槸灏侀枆鐨勮▕鍟忓瘑瀹�銆傜偤浜嗛潻闄ゆ祦寮�锛屾墦鐮村皝闁夌殑瑷婂晱绌洪枔锛屽(sh铆)鐝�(xi脿n)瑷婂晱閬庣▼鐨勯€忔槑鍖�锛屽悇鍦嬪壍(chu脿ng)鍒朵簡涓嶅悓鐨勫埗搴﹀拰绋嬪簭锛屽鍋垫煡瑷婂晱鏅�(sh铆)绗笁鏂光€斺€旇警璀�(h霉)寰嬪斧鐨勫湪鍫�(ch菐ng)浠嬪叆锛涘伒鏌ヨ垏缇堟娂鍒嗛洟锛岃▕鍟忓牬(ch菐ng)鎵€鐢辩湅瀹堟墍璨�(f霉)璨�(z茅)绠＄悊锛涢倓鏈夎▕鍟忔檪(sh铆)閷勯煶閷勫儚鍒跺害鐨勫缓绔�銆倇3}2013骞翠慨瑷傜殑銆婂垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶銆嬬121姊濈1娆炬槑纰鸿(gu墨)瀹氳▕鍟忎腑鍋垫煡浜哄摗鍙互閷勯煶閷勫儚锛屽皪(du矛)浜庢煇浜涚壒娈婄殑锛屽鍙兘鍒よ檿鐒℃湡寰掑垜銆佹鍒戠殑妗堜欢浠ュ強鍏朵粬閲嶅ぇ鐘姜妗堜欢鎳�(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)閷勯煶閷勫儚銆倇4}瑷婂晱涓寗闊抽寗鍍忓埗搴︾殑寮曞叆鎵撶牬浜嗘棦寰€灏侀枆瀵嗗涓伒鏌ユ柟鑸囪瑷婂晱鏂圭殑浜屽厓灏�(du矛)绔嬫牸灞€銆傜敱浜庨寗闊抽寗鍍忊€滅涓夊彧鐪肩潧鈥�锛屽伒鏌ヤ汉鍝＄殑瑷婂晱琛岀偤鍙楀埌鈥滃叏鏅紡鈥濈洠(ji膩n)鐫�锛屽垜瑷�銆佸▉鑴呯瓑闈炴硶鍙栬瓑琛岀偤鍙楀埌浜嬪墠鈥滈樆鍤団€�锛屼竴浜涗笉鍚堢悊鐨勨€滄墦鎿﹂倞鐞冣€濈殑瑷婂晱琛岀偤涔熷ぇ鐐烘敹鏂�銆傚湪瑕�(gu墨)鑼冨叕娆�(qu谩n)鍔涚殑鍚屾檪(sh铆)锛岃┎鍒跺害琛嶇敓鐨勯寗闊抽寗鍍忚硣鏂欓倓鍏锋湁閲嶈鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鍍�(ji脿)鍊�锛屽叾鍍�(ji脿)鍊间富瑕佽〃鐝�(xi脿n)鍦ㄥ叐鍊�(g猫)鏂归潰锛氱涓€锛岀暥(d膩ng)琚憡浜轰簬搴涓埈(zh膿ng)杈叾鍦ㄥ伒鏌ヨ▕鍟忔檪(sh铆)閬埌浜嗗垜瑷婇€间緵绛夐潪娉曞彇璀夎鐐虹殑渚靛锛岀瓎閷勪腑鎵€瑷樿級鐨勬湁缃緵杩板苟闈炶嚜鎰挎檪(sh铆)锛岀暥(d膩ng)搴挱鏀鹃寗闊抽寗鍍忓彲浠ヨ瓑鏄庡伒鏌ヨ▕鍟忕▼搴忕殑鍚堟硶鎬�锛屾摂(d膩n)淇濊▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屾湁鏁堝弽椐佽鍛婁汉鐨勭嫛杈紱绗簩锛屽鍒や腑锛岃鍛婁汉骞舵湭灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱鐨勫悎娉曟€ф彁鍑虹暟璀帮紝浣嗙埈(zh膿ng)杈鍒ゅ墠鎵€鍋氱殑瑷婂晱绛嗛寗骞舵湭濡傚(sh铆)瑷樿級鍏朵緵杩�锛屽瑷婂晱绛嗛寗灏�(du矛)渚涜堪鍏�(n猫i)瀹圭殑瑷樿級鏈夐伜婕忔垨鍑哄叆鏅�(sh铆)锛岀暥(d膩ng)搴挱鏀鹃寗闊抽寗鍍忓彲浠ュ缓绔嬭▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑鍏俊鍔�锛屾彁楂樺叾鍙俊鎬�銆傛噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)瑾�锛岀劇璜栧緸浜嬪墠鐨勯樆鍤囬仌娉曡▕鍟忥紝閭勬槸寰炰簨鍚庣殑璀夋槑鍙栬瓑鐨勫悎娉曟€�銆佹摂(d膩n)淇濊▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏绛夋柟闈㈢湅锛岄寗闊抽寗鍍忓埗搴︾殑寮曞叆閮藉鏈夎（鐩�銆倇5}浣嗘槸涔熻娉ㄦ剰鍒帮紝鐐轰簡鑳芥洿濂藉湴鐧�(f膩)鎻寗闊抽寗鍍忓埗搴︾殑澶氶噸鍔熸晥锛�2012骞翠慨鏀瑰悗鐨勫垜瑷存硶绗�121姊濈2娆炬槑纰鸿(gu墨)瀹氾細鈥滈寗闊虫垨鑰呴寗鍍忔噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)鍏ㄧ▼閫�(j矛n)琛�锛屼繚鎸佸畬鏁存€�?锛佸簢绾辫棩顫嗙—绮嬧偓(g猫)涓嶅緱涓嶆繁鎬濈殑鍟忛锛氱暥(d膩ng)瑷婂晱涓矑鏈夐寗闊抽寗鍍忔垨閷勯煶閷勫儚娌掓湁鍏ㄧ▼閫�(j矛n)琛�锛屽叾娉曞緥鍚庢灉鏄粈涔�锛熼€欓鍏堟渻(hu矛)灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱鐨勫悎娉曟€х敘(ch菐n)鐢熻矤(f霉)闈㈠奖闊�銆備絾鍚屾檪(sh铆)瑕佹€濊€冪殑鏄�锛岄€欎竴璨�(f霉)闈㈠奖闊跨殑鈥滄迹婕晥鎳�(y墨ng)鈥濇槸鍚︽渻(hu矛)娉㈠強琚▕鍟忎汉渚涜堪鐨勮嚜鎰挎€�锛岄€�(j矛n)鑰屽奖闊胯▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛熼憭浜庝慨娉曚笉涔�锛屾湁鐞嗙敱鐩镐俊鍦ㄦ柊鍒跺害閬╃敤鐨勯亷绋嬩腑锛屽(sh铆)鍕�(w霉)閮ㄩ杸澶у铏曚簬鎽歌憲鐭抽牠閬庢渤鐨勨€滆│姘撮殠娈碘€濓紝瀵�(sh铆)韪愪腑璜稿瑷婂晱鏅�(sh铆)涓嶈(gu墨)鑼冪殑閷勯煶閷勫儚鍟忛寰堟湁鍙兘鐧�(f膩)鐢�銆傛湰鏂囧嵆寰為€欎竴鐝�(xi脿n)璞″垏鍏�锛屾帰瑷庡伒鏌ヤ汉鍝￠仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忚(gu墨)瀹氬悗瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鍟忛锛屼互姹傜偤鐞嗚珫鐮旂┒鍜屽(sh铆)韪愯睛妗堟彁渚涘弮鑰�銆�

浜屻€佺浉闂�(gu膩n)鐞嗚珫瀛�(xu茅)瑾殑浠嬭⿻(p铆ng)

鏍规摎(j霉)鍒戜簨瑷磋娉曠殑瑕�(gu墨)瀹�锛岃▕鍟忎腑鍋垫煡浜哄摗閷勯煶閷勫儚鏈夆€滃彲浠モ€濆拰鈥滄噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)鈥濆叐绋儏褰�锛屾摎(j霉)姝ゅ彲浠ュ妰鍒嗙偤鈥滈伕鎿囨€ч寗闊抽寗鍍忊€濆拰鈥滃挤(qi谩ng)鍒舵€ч寗闊抽寗鍍忊€�銆傜敱浜庨寗闊抽寗鍍忚鑰楄不(f猫i)澶ч噺鐨勬垚鏈互鍙婃姇鍏ョ浉鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勪汉鍔涜硣婧�锛屽姞涔嬬姱缃巼鐨勬攢鍗囷紝{6}鑰冩叜鍒板湅鎯呬互鍙婂ぇ閮ㄥ垎妗堜欢琚憡浜洪兘瑾�(r猫n)缃殑鍙告硶瀵�(sh铆)闅�锛岀瓎鑰呰獚(r猫n)鐐哄皪(du矛)鎵€鏈夋浠朵竴寰嬭(gu墨)瀹氬叏绋嬮寗闊抽寗鍍忎笉鍍呮氮璨�(f猫i)瑷磋璩囨簮锛岃€屼笖涔熺⒑鐒″繀瑕�銆傚洜姝�锛屾硶寰嬭(gu墨)瀹氬伒鏌ヤ汉鍝″湪鈥滈伕鎿囨€ч寗闊抽寗鍍忊€濈殑妗堜欢涓▕鍟忔檪(sh铆)鏄惁閷勯煶閷勫儚鍙鍏烽珨鎯呮硜鑷敱瑁侀噺锛屽鏋滄渶绲傛矑鏈夐寗闊抽寗鍍忎篃涓嶉仌鍙嶆硶寰嬭(gu墨)瀹氾紝鐩搁棞(gu膩n)浜哄摗鐨勮铂(z茅)浠昏拷绌朵互鍙婅▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋槑鑳藉姏鍟忛鑷劧鐒″緸璜囪捣銆�

浣嗘槸锛屽湪鍙兘鍒よ檿鐒℃湡銆佹鍒戠殑妗堜欢浠ュ強鍏朵粬閲嶅ぇ鐘姜妗堜欢锛屽嵆鈥滃挤(qi谩ng)鍒舵€ч寗闊抽寗鍍忊€濇浠朵腑锛岄寗闊抽寗鍍忔槸鍋垫煡浜哄摗鈥滄噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)鈥濋噰鍙栫殑鎺柦銆傚鍚岃▕鍟忓墠蹇呴爤鍛婄煡鐘姜瀚岀枒浜虹浉鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勮ù瑷熸瑠(qu谩n)鍒╀竴妯�锛岄€欐槸鍋垫煡浜哄摗蹇呴爤灞ヨ鐨勭京鍕�(w霉)銆傞偅涔堢暥(d膩ng)鍋垫煡鏂瑰湪姝ら妗堜欢涓矑鏈夊饱琛屾垨灞ヨ閷勯煶閷勫儚缇╁嫏(w霉)鏅�(sh铆)瀛樺湪鈥滅憰鐤碘€�锛屾湰璩�(zh矛)涓婂凡灞仌娉曡▕鍟忋€傚垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶鍙婄浉闂�(gu膩n)鍙告硶瑙ｉ噵鏍规摎(j霉)瑷婂晱閬曟硶鐨勭▼搴︿笉鍚�锛屽皪(du矛)鐘姜瀚岀枒浜恒€佽鍛婁汉渚涜堪(鎴戝湅鍋垫煡瑷婂晱涓姱缃珜鐤戜汉鐨勪緵杩板熀鏈笂閮芥槸浠ヨ▕鍟忕瓎閷勫舰寮忓浐瀹�)鍋氫簡宸垾鍖栬檿鐞嗭細涓€绋槸绲曞皪(du矛)鎺掗櫎锛屽鍒戣ù娉曠54姊濊(gu墨)瀹氣€滈噰鐢ㄥ垜瑷婇€间緵绛夐潪娉曟柟娉曟敹闆嗙殑鐘姜瀚岀枒浜恒€佽鍛婁汉渚涜堪鍜岄噰鐢ㄦ毚鍔�銆佸▉鑴呯瓑闈炴硶鏂规硶鏀堕泦鐨勮瓑浜鸿瓑瑷€銆佽瀹充汉闄宠堪锛屾噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)浜堜互鎺掗櫎?锛佺环纭楀簴鐜疦鏄彲瑁�(b菙)姝ｃ€佸彲瑙ｉ噵鐨勮閲忔帓闄�锛屽鈥滃叐鍊�(g猫)璀夋摎(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)瀹氣€�(銆婇棞(gu膩n)浜庤睛鐞嗘鍒戞浠跺鏌ュ垽鏂疯瓑鎿�(j霉)鑻ュ共鍟忛鐨勮(gu墨)瀹氥€嬪拰銆婇棞(gu膩n)浜庤睛鐞嗗垜浜嬫浠舵帓闄ら潪娉曡瓑鎿�(j霉)鑻ュ共鍟忛鐨勮(gu墨)瀹氥€嬶紝涓嬪悓)鍜屾柊淇▊鐨勩€婃渶楂樹汉姘戞硶闄㈤棞(gu膩n)浜庨仼鐢ㄣ€堜腑鑿汉姘戝叡鍜屽湅鍒戜簨瑷磋娉曘€夌殑瑙ｉ噵銆嬮兘瑕�(gu墨)瀹氣€滈娆¤▕鍟忕瓎閷勬矑鏈夎閷勫憡鐭ヨ瑷婂晱浜虹浉闂�(gu膩n)娆�(qu谩n)鍒╁拰娉曞緥瑕�(gu墨)瀹氱殑锛屽爆浜庤▕鍟忕瓎閷勬湁鐟曠柕锛岀稉(j墨ng)瑁�(b菙)姝ｆ垨鑰呬綔鍑哄悎鐞嗚В閲嬬殑锛屽彲浠ラ噰鐢�锛涗笉鑳借(b菙)姝ｆ垨鑰呬綔鍑哄悎鐞嗚В閲嬬殑锛屼笉寰椾綔鐐哄畾妗堢殑鏍规摎(j霉)?锛佸簢绾变笣姊㈢紭璐搁矄绮嬧偓(g猫)绨″柈鐨勬帹璜栵細鍦ㄢ€滃挤(qi谩ng)鍒舵€ч寗闊抽寗鍍忊€濇浠朵腑锛屾湭灞ヨ閷勯煶閷勫儚缇╁嫏(w霉)鐨勮▕鍟忔秹瀚屸€滈仌娉曗€�锛屾牴鎿�(j霉)鐝�(xi脿n)鏈夌殑娉曞緥鎴栫浉闂�(gu膩n)鍙告硶瑙ｉ噵鐨勮(gu墨)瀹�锛岄仌娉曡▕鍟忓繀鐒舵渻(hu矛)灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏甯朵締涓€瀹氱殑璨�(f霉)闈㈠奖闊�锛屼絾閫欎竴褰遍熆鐨勭▼搴﹀拰绲�(ji茅)鏋滅┒绔熷浣�锛屼竴浜涘湅瀹舵垨鍦板崁(q奴)鎻愬嚭浜嗕笉鍚岀殑瀛�(xu茅)瑾€�

(涓€)涓嶅悓瀛�(xu茅)瑾互鍙婂皪(du矛)鎳�(y墨ng)鐨勬硶寰嬭(gu墨)鑼冩⒊鐞�

1.鐒¤瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勭禃灏�(du矛)鎺掗櫎瑾�

绲曞皪(du矛)鎺掗櫎瑾獚(r猫n)鐐�锛屸€滃皪(du矛)琚憡浜虹殑瑷婂晱闋堝湪瑁濋厤鏈夐寗闊�銆侀寗鍍忚ō(sh猫)鏂界殑瑷婂晱瀹ゅ収(n猫i)閫�(j矛n)琛岋紝涓斿皪(du矛)瑷婂晱閬庣▼鍏ㄧ▼閷勯煶銆侀寗鍍忥紝閷勯煶銆侀寗鍍忓垎鍒ヤ竴寮忓叐浠�锛屼竴浠藉瘑灏佸悗鍠崹(d煤)瀛樻斁锛屽彟涓€浠介毃瑷磋绋嬪簭鎻愪氦鍏ù姗�(j墨)闂�(gu膩n)鍜屾硶搴�銆傚鏋滆▕鍟忔湭鍦ㄥ叿鍌欓寗闊�銆侀寗鍍忚ō(sh猫)鏂界殑瑷婂晱瀹ら€�(j矛n)琛屾垨鏈稉(j墨ng)閬庨寗闊炽€侀寗鍍忕殑锛岃┎瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鍚屾ǎ涓嶅叿鏈夆€樺彲閲囨€р€�?锛佺湧7}姝よ寰炴硶寰嬬殑姝ｇ暥(d膩ng)绋嬪簭鍑虹櫦(f膩)锛岃獚(r猫n)鐐鸿鏂�(鍋垫煡浜哄摗)閬曞弽閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勨€滃挤(qi谩ng)鍒舵€р€濊(gu墨)瀹氳€岄€�(j矛n)琛岀殑瑷婂晱灞簬鍙栬瓑鐨勨€滀笉娉曗€濓紝鏄皪(du矛)娉曞緥姝ｇ暥(d膩ng)绋嬪簭鐨勮笎韪�锛屾噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)浜堜互鎺掗櫎銆傜編鍦嬮樋鎷夋柉鍔犲窞鍗抽噰姝ょó瀛�(xu茅)瑾�銆�1985骞�锛岃┎宸炴渶楂樻硶闄㈠垽姹猴細鏍规摎(j霉)瑭插窞鎲叉硶鐨勬鐣�(d膩ng)绋嬪簭姊濇锛岃鏂瑰湪鍙兘鐨勬儏娉佷笅锛屾噳(y墨ng)灏�(du矛)鎵€鏈夌殑缇堟娂瀵╄▕閫�(j矛n)琛岄寗闊抽寗鍍�锛屽惁鍓囨墍鐛插緱鐨勮嚜鐧藉湪娉曞涵涓婁笉寰楅噰绱嶇偤璀夋摎(j霉)銆倇8}

2.娆�(qu谩n)琛℃帓闄よ

娆�(qu谩n)琛℃帓闄よ瑾�(r猫n)鐐�锛屾瀵熷畼鍚戞硶搴彁浜ゅ伒鏌ヨ▕鍟忕瓎閷勬檪(sh铆)锛岃鍛婁汉灏�(du矛)绛嗛寗涓緵杩扮殑鑷効鎬ф彁鍑虹暟璀帮紝娉曞畼瑾�(di脿o)鍙�銆佹挱鏀鹃寗闊抽寗鍍�锛岀祼(ji茅)鏋滅櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)閷勯煶閷勫儚鏁堟灉涓嶆竻銆佹湭鍏ㄧ▼閷勯煶閷勫儚鎴栧畬鍏ㄦ湭閷勯煶閷勫儚绛夊晱椤�锛屾鏅�(sh铆)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勮獚(r猫n)瀹氫緷鎿�(j霉)鎴戝湅鑷�(t谩i)鐏ｅ湴鍗€(q奴)鈥滃垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶鈥濈158姊濅箣4鐨勮(gu墨)瀹氶噰鈥滄瑠(qu谩n)琛℃帓闄ゆ硶鍓団€漿9}鍒ゆ柗銆傝嚦浜庡浣曞垽鏂�锛岃嚭(t谩i)鐏ｅ湴鍗€(q奴)鈥滄渶楂樻硶闄⑩€濈殑缍�(j墨ng)鍏歌В閲嬫槸鈥滃徃娉曡瀵�(瀹�)瑭㈠晱鐘姜瀚岀枒浜哄閬曡儗涓婇枊瑕�(gu墨)瀹�(鍗宠嚭(t谩i)鐏ｂ€滃垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶鈥濈100姊濅箣1绗竴闋�(xi脿ng)瑕�(gu墨)瀹氣€滆▕鍟忚鍛婏紝鎳�(y墨ng)鍏ㄧ▼閫ｇ簩(x霉)閷勯煶锛涘繀瑕佹檪(sh铆)锛屽苟鎳�(y墨ng)鍏ㄧ▼閫ｇ簩(x霉)閷勫奖銆備絾鏈夋€ヨ揩鎯呮硜涓旂稉(j墨ng)瑷樻槑绛嗛寗鑰�锛屼笉鍦ㄦ闄�?锛佽杽顎€顎堕鍜�?锛屽叾鎵€鍙栧緱涔嬩緵杩扮瓎閷�锛岀┒绔熸湁鐒¤瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屽師鎳�(y墨ng)瀵╅厡鍙告硶璀﹀療(瀹�)閬曡儗瑭叉硶瀹氱▼搴忎箣涓昏鎰忓湒銆佸瑙€鎯呯瘈(ji茅)銆佷镜瀹崇姱缃珜鐤戜汉娆�(qu谩n)鐩婁箣杓曢噸銆佸皪(du矛)鐘姜瀚岀枒浜哄湪瑷磋涓婇槻寰′笉鍒╃泭涔嬬▼搴�锛屼互鍙婅┎鐘姜鎵€鐢熶箣鍗卞锛屾毃绂佹浣跨敤瑭茶瓑鎿�(j霉)灏�(du矛)浜庢姂鍒堕仌娉曟悳璀変箣鏁堟灉锛屽強鍙告硶璀﹀療(瀹�)濡備緷娉曞畾绋嬪簭鏈夌劇鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)瑭茶瓑鎿�(j霉)涔嬪繀鐒舵€х瓑鎯呭舰锛屾湰浜庝汉娆�(qu谩n)淇濋殰鑸囩ぞ鏈�(hu矛)瀹夊叏涔嬪潎琛＄董璀�(h霉)绮剧锛屼緷姣斾緥鍘熷墖锛屽叿楂旇獚(r猫n)瀹氫箣?锛佺湧10}

3.涓嶅埄鎺ㄥ畾瑾�

涓嶅埄鎺ㄥ畾瑾緸閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勫姛鑳藉畾浣嶅嚭鐧�(f膩)锛屾寚鍑衡€滃挤(qi谩ng)鍒堕寗闊崇殑瑕�(gu墨)瀹氾紝鍙槸纰轰繚瑷婂晱绋嬪簭鍚堟硶鍙婄⒑淇濈瓎閷勮杓夋纰轰箣璀夋槑銆傚柈绱旀湭閷勯煶鎴栭寗闊虫湁鐟曠柕骞舵湭渚电姱琚憡鐨勪汉韬嚜鐢辨垨鑷櫧浠绘剰鎬э紝鍙槸琚憡渚涜堪浠绘剰鎬�銆佺湡瀵�(sh铆)鎬у彲鑳藉洜姝や笉鏄庣⒑鑰屽凡锛屸€︹€﹁嫢閷勯煶鏁堟灉涓嶆竻妤�銆佹湭鍏ㄧ▼閷勯煶鎴栧畬鍏ㄦ湭閷勯煶銆侀寗褰辩殑鎯呭舰锛屾棦閬曞弽瑕�(gu墨)瀹�锛屾噳(y墨ng)鎺ㄥ畾瑭茶嚜鐧界劇浠绘剰鎬у強绛嗛寗涓嶆纰猴紝涓嶅緱浣滅偤璀夋摎(j霉)锛屾儫妾㈠療瀹樺€樿兘浠ュ叾浠栨柟寮忚瓑鏄庤┎琚憡鑷櫧鐨勪换鎰忔€ц垏绛嗛寗瑷樿級姝ｇ⒑鎬�(渚嬪杈(h霉)浜哄叏绋嬪湪鍫�(ch菐ng)骞朵簬绛嗛寗鏈敖鍚�)锛屽墖绛嗛寗闆栫劧閬曞弽鍏ㄧ▼閷勯煶銆侀寗褰辩殑瑕�(gu墨)瀹氾紝鎳�(y墨ng)浠嶅緱鐐鸿瓑鎿�(j霉)銆傗€漿11}

(浜�)灏�(du矛)骞剧ó瀛�(xu茅)瑾殑瑭�(p铆ng)鏋�

寰炰笂杩板咕绋(xu茅)瑾締鐪�锛岀涓€绋禃灏�(du矛)鎺掗櫎瑾亷浜庣啊鍠(j墨)姊�锛岀己涔忛潏娲绘€э紝涓嶈兘鏍规摎(j霉)妗堜欢鎯呮硜鍏烽珨鍒ゆ柗銆備緥濡傦紝濡傛灉鍍呭儏鏄(j墨)姊版晠闅滃皫(d菐o)鑷磋▕鍟忎腑閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勪腑鏂锋垨鐒℃硶浣跨敤灏辨柗鐒跺惁瀹氳▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛岄’澶卞叕骞�銆傞洊鐒跺緸缍(h霉)娉曞緥绋嬪簭鐨勬鐣�(d膩ng)鎬ц€岃█锛岃┎瑾彲浠ヤ績浣胯瀵熸洿鐐哄毚(y谩n)鏍煎拰瀵╂厧鍦版仾瀹堟硶寰嬬▼搴忕殑姣忎竴鍊�(g猫)绱�(x矛)绡€(ji茅)锛岀劧鑰屼互鐘х壊妗堜欢鐪熷(sh铆)鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鐐轰唬鍍�(ji脿)鐨勫仛娉曢亷浜庡毚(y谩n)鑻�锛屾濡傜編鍦嬭伅(li谩n)閭︽渶楂樻硶闄㈠ぇ娉曞畼鍗″浣愬皪(du矛)娉曞緥姝ｇ暥(d膩ng)绋嬪簭鐨勬壒瑭�(p铆ng)閭ｆǎ锛屸€滃洜?y脿n)姒嚙鐖漙娉曪紝灏辨斁绺辩姱缃€�锛寋12}姝ょó鍒╃泭灏�(du矛)鍍�(ji脿)閬庝簬楂樻槀銆傛鏄熀浜庢锛屼笂杩伴樋鎷夋柉鍔犲窞鈥滅禃灏�(du矛)鎺掗櫎鈥濈殑鍋氭硶閬埌浜嗙編鍦嬪叾浠栧窞鐨勬姷鍒�銆�2010骞寸編鍦嬬当(t菕ng)涓€娉曞緥濮斿摗鏈�(hu矛)(uniform Law Commission)璧疯崏骞跺悜鍦嬫渻(hu矛)鎻愪氦鐨勩€婄当(t菕ng)涓€缇堟娂瑷婂晱閷勯煶閷勫儚娉曟銆嬪湪绺界祼(ji茅)鍚勫窞缍�(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)鐨勫熀绀�(ch菙)涓�锛屽皪(du矛)瑷婂晱涓湭渚濇硶閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨�锛屽儏瑕�(gu墨)瀹氫簡鏈夐檺鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鐩稿皪(du矛)鎺掗櫎銆倇13}鈥滄瑠(qu谩n)琛℃帓闄よ鈥濊垏鈥滀笉鍒╂帹瀹氳鈥濋兘鍙互姒傛嫭鐐哄皪(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勭浉灏�(du矛)鎺掗櫎锛屼絾鏄瑠(qu谩n)琛℃帓闄よ鍦ㄥ垽鏂锋(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)涓婇亷浜庢娊璞＄睜绲�(t菕ng)锛岄洊鐒舵垜鍦嬭嚭(t谩i)鐏ｅ湴鍗€(q奴)鈥滄渶楂樻硶闄⑩€濆湪鐩镐技妗堜欢鐨勫垽姹鸿鏃ㄤ腑鎻愬嚭浜嗕竷绋彲璩囪€冩叜鐨勫弮鐓х郴鏁�(sh霉)锛屼絾鏄硶瀹樼殑瑁侀噺浠嶉亷浜庤嚜鐢憋紝鍔犱箣娉曞畼鐭ヨ瓨(sh铆)鑳屾櫙鍜岀敓娲婚柋姝蜂笉鍚�锛屾湁浜涙硶瀹樺彲鑳介亷浜庣湅閲嶅皪(du矛)妗堜欢鐪熷(sh铆)鎬х殑鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛岃€屾湁浜涙硶瀹樺彲鑳芥洿闂�(gu膩n)娉ㄤ簬灏�(du矛)娉曞緥绋嬪簭鐨勯伒瀹�锛屾渶绲傜殑鍒ゆ柗鍙兘甯舵湁妤靛ぇ鐨勪笉纰哄畾鎬с€傜浉杓冭€岃█锛屼笉鍒╂帹瀹氳娌掓湁绲曞皪(du矛)鎺掗櫎瑾殑鍍靛寲锛屽悓鏅�(sh铆)閭勪互鎺ㄥ畾鐨勬柟寮忛鍏堝皪(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鍋氫簡鏂瑰悜鎬х殑鍒ゅ畾鈥斺€旀帹瀹氱劇璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛岃€屽悗瑕佹眰妾㈠療瀹樿矤(f霉)鎿�(d膩n)鑸夎瓑璨�(z茅)浠伙紝濡傛灉鍏惰兘绌嶆サ鑸夎瓑鎺ㄧ炕鎺ㄥ畾鐨勫懡椤屽墖瑷婂晱绛嗛寗閲嶇嵅鏂扮敓鎭㈠京(f霉)璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屽弽涔嬪墖瑾�(r猫n)瀹氱偤鐒¤瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏銆傜浉杓冧簬娆�(qu谩n)琛℃帓闄よ锛屼笉鍒╂帹瀹氳灏囪▕鍟忕瓎閷勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勬煡鏄庢洿澶氬湴浠ヨ垑璀夎铂(z茅)浠荤殑褰㈠紡鍚戞帶杈洐鏂瑰垎閰�锛屽嚫椤簡鐣�(d膩ng)浜嬩汉涓荤京鑹插僵锛屽悓鏅�(sh铆)涔熸摵鑴簡娆�(qu谩n)琛℃帓闄よ灏囪瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勬煡鏄庡叏娆�(qu谩n)濮斾换浜庢硶瀹樿(di脿o)鏌ョ殑鑱锋瑠(qu谩n)涓荤京寮婄锛岄檺绺簡娉曞畼灏�(du矛)璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勮嚜鐢辫獚(r猫n)瀹氱┖闁擄紝涔熼檷浣庝簡娉曞涵灏�(du矛)璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏瑾�(r猫n)瀹氱殑妯℃１鍏╁彲锛岄檷浣庝簡绲�(ji茅)鏋滈亷浜庝笉纰哄畾鐨勯ⅷ(f膿ng)闅�(xi菐n)銆傛晠涓嶅埄鎺ㄥ畾瑾洰鍓嶈純鐐哄彈鎺ㄥ磭鍜屾祦琛�銆�

鐒惰€屼笂杩板咕绋(xu茅)瑾粛瀛樺湪鍏卞悓鐨勭己榛�(di菐n)锛屽洜?q奴)宓篳涓湭鍤�(y谩n)鏍奸伒瀹堥寗闊抽寗鍍忚(gu墨)瀹氱殑鎯呭舰澶氱ó澶氭ǎ锛屽叾鈥滀竴鍒€鍒団€濆紡鐨勮獚(r猫n)瀹氭柟寮忕己涔忕窗(x矛)鑷寸殑鍒嗛鍒ゆ柗锛屼粛椤矖绯�銆傚皪(du矛)姝�锛屾湁蹇呰灏�(du矛)閬曞弽閷勯煶閷勫儚瑕�(gu墨)瀹氱殑鎯呭舰鍏堝仛姝搁锛屾牴鎿�(j霉)鍏烽珨鎯呭舰閫�(j矛n)琛屽垎鏋愶紝鍐嶆湁閲濆皪(du矛)鎬у湴鎻愬嚭瀛�(xu茅)瑾�銆�

涓�銆佽▕鍟忓(sh铆)鍕�(w霉)涓仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忚(gu墨)瀹氱殑褰㈠紡鍒嗛

瀵�(sh铆)鍕�(w霉)涓仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忚(gu墨)瀹氱殑鎯呭舰澶氱ó澶氭ǎ锛屽鍦ㄦ噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勬浠朵腑娌掓湁閷勯煶閷勫儚銆佹湭鍏ㄧ▼閫ｇ簩(x霉)閷勯煶閷勫儚銆佽▕鍟忕獊鐮村悗瑁�(b菙)鍏呴寗闊抽寗鍍弡14}浠ュ強閷勯煶閷勫儚鑱查煶鐣潰鏈夎唱(zh矛)閲忓晱椤岀瓑銆傚緸閷勯煶閷勫儚涓嶈(gu墨)鑼冨皪(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勫奖闊垮叆鎵�锛屽皪(du矛)褰㈠紡鍒嗛鍜岃瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鍒ゆ柗鐨勫垏鍒嗘噳(y墨ng)寰炰互涓嬪咕鍊�(g猫)鏂归潰钁楁墜锛�

(涓€)閬曞弽閷勯煶閷勫儚瑕�(gu墨)瀹氭噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)鏄富瀹㈣鐩哥当(t菕ng)涓€鐨勮鐐�

闆栫劧鍓嶆枃鍒楄垑鐨勪笉瑕�(gu墨)鑼冪殑閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤瀹㈣涓婇兘閬曞弽浜嗛寗闊抽寗鍍忚(gu墨)瀹�锛屼絾绛嗚€呰獚(r猫n)鐐洪€欑ó閬曞弽閭勫繀闋堝叿鍌欎富瑙€涓婄殑鈥滈亷閷�(cu貌)鈥濃€斺€旀晠鎰忔垨閬庡け銆傚鏋滄槸鎯呮硜绶婅揩鍒ョ劇閬告搰锛岄寗闊抽寗鍍忓湪涓昏涓婂凡涓嶅叿鏈夋湡寰呭彲鑳芥€�锛屾鏅�(sh铆)瀹㈣涓婄殑鈥滀笉娉曗€濈敱浜庣己涔忎富瑙€涓婄殑閬庨尟(cu貌)锛屼笉鑳藉氨姝ゆ柗瀹氣€滆〃闈笂鈥濆皪(du矛)閷勯煶閷勫儚瑕�(gu墨)瀹氱殑閬曞弽鏈�(hu矛)褰遍熆鍒拌▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏銆傚叾瀵�(sh铆)涓嶅皯鍦嬪鎴栧湴鍗€(q奴)甯稿父灏囨浣滅偤涓嶆渻(hu矛)褰遍熆璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勪緥澶�锛屽缇庡湅浼婂埄璜句紛宸炵殑娉曞緥灏辫(gu墨)瀹�锛屸€滀换浣曚汉鍦ㄥ彈閫崟鎷樼鐙€鎱�(t脿i)涓嬫帴鍙楄▕鍟�锛屽繀闋堟湁閷勯煶閷勫儚瑷橀寗涓旇┎瑷橀寗蹇呴爤鐪熷(sh铆)鍙潬锛屽惁鍓囦緵杩颁笉寰椾綔鐐鸿瓑鎿�(j霉)浣跨敤锛岄櫎闈炴湁涓嬪垪娉曞畾渚嬪锛�(1)閷勯煶閷勫儚浜嬪(sh铆)涓婂凡涓嶅彲琛�锛�(2)渚涜堪骞堕潪鏄皪(du矛)璀︽柟鎻愬晱鐨勫洖绛旓紱鈥︹€︹€漿15}鍙堝鍓嶅紩鎴戝湅鑷�(t谩i)鐏ｅ湴鍗€(q奴)鈥滃垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶鈥濈100姊濅箣涓€绗�1闋�(xi脿ng)鐨勮(gu墨)瀹歿16}鏈€楂樹汉姘戞硶闄㈡柊杩戝嚭鑷�(t谩i)鐨勩€婇棞(gu膩n)浜庡缓绔嬪仴鍏ㄩ槻鑼冨垜浜嬪啢鍋囬尟(cu貌)妗堝伐浣滄(j墨)鍒剁殑鎰忚銆�(浠ヤ笅绨＄ū銆婃剰瑕嬨€�)浼间箮涔熻獚(r猫n)鍙簡閫欎竴绔嬪牬(ch菐ng)?锛佸厬搴栧杩�?姊濈2娆炬寚鍑�锛屸€滈櫎鎯呮硜绶婃€ュ繀闋堢従(xi脿n)鍫�(ch菐ng)瑷婂晱浠ュ锛屽湪瑕�(gu墨)瀹氱殑杈︽鍫�(ch菐ng)鎵€澶栬▕鍟忓彇寰楃殑渚涜堪锛屾湭渚濇硶灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱閫�(j矛n)琛屽叏绋嬮寗闊抽寗鍍忓彇寰楃殑渚涜堪锛屼互鍙婁笉鑳芥帓闄や互闈炴硶鏂规硶鍙栧緱鐨勪緵杩帮紝鎳�(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)鎺掗櫎銆傗€濆洜姝�锛岄洊鐒跺瑙€涓婇仌鍙嶄簡閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勮(gu墨)瀹氾紝浣嗗鏋滀富瑙€涓婃矑鏈夋晠鎰忔垨閬庡け绛夐亷閷�(cu貌)瀛樺湪锛屽墖瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏涓嶆渻(hu矛)鍥犳鍙楀埌褰遍熆銆備絾鏄矤(f霉)璨�(z茅)瑷婂晱鐨勫伒鏌ヤ汉鍝℃噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)灏囨鎯呭舰鍦ㄨ▕鍟忕瓎閷勪腑娉ㄦ槑锛屾垨浜嬪悗浠ュ叾浠栬瓑鏄庢潗鏂欏柈鐛�(d煤)鎴愬嵎闄勫付绉婚€侊紝浠ュ倷娉曢櫌瑾�(di脿o)鏌ヤ箣闇€銆�

(浜�)瀵�(sh铆)鍕�(w霉)涓殑鈥滃悎鐞嗘搷浣溾€濅笉瀹滆獚(r猫n)瀹氱偤閬曞弽閷勯煶閷勫儚瑕�(gu墨)瀹�

鎺掗櫎浜嗕富瑙€涓婄劇閬庨尟(cu貌)鎴栫穵杩儏娉佺瓑渚嬪鎯呭舰鍚�锛屽叾浠栫殑閷勯煶閷勫儚閬曡(gu墨)閮芥槸涓诲瑙€绲�(t菕ng)涓€鐨勮鐐�锛屽叾涓粛鐒舵湁涓€浜涙儏褰㈠€煎緱鎺㈣◣锛岄€欓噷涓昏瑷庤珫鏈叏绋嬮€ｇ簩(x霉)閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勫晱椤�銆�

鍋垫煡瑷婂晱鏄竴闁€钘濊(sh霉)锛岄嚌灏�(du矛)涓嶅悓鐨勫珜鐤戝皪(du矛)璞¤▕鍟忕殑绛栫暐鍗冨樊钀垾锛屽彧鏈変娇鐢ㄩ潏娲诲璁婄殑瑷婂晱鎶€鎴�(zh脿n)娉曟墠鑳界獊鐮磋瑷婂晱浜虹殑蹇冪悊闃茬窔锛屽彇寰楄▕鍟忔椿鍕�(d貌ng)鐨勪富鍕�(d貌ng)娆�(qu谩n)銆備絾鏄�锛岄潏娲诲璁婄殑瑷婂晱绛栫暐鏈夋檪(sh铆)鍙兘鏈�(hu矛)鑸囧叏绋嬮€ｇ簩(x霉)閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勮(gu墨)瀹氱敘(ch菐n)鐢熸矕绐�锛屼緥濡傜偤浜嗙珐鍜屾埃姘涚殑浜嬪墠婧濋€�锛屽彲鑳藉収(n猫i)瀹逛笉鏈�(hu矛)娑夊強鍒版鎯�锛屾鏅�(sh铆)鍗抽噰鍙栭寗闊抽寗鍍忛洠鍏嶆渻(hu矛)閫犳垚浜よ珖姘ｆ皼涓婄殑涓嶈嚜鐒�锛岀敋鑷宠▕鍟忎紛濮嬪嵆鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熷皪(du矛)绔嬫儏绶�锛屽奖闊垮伒瑷婃晥鏋溿€傚彟澶栵紝鏃ユ湰瀛�(xu茅)鑰呬笁浜曡獱鏁欐巿鍦ㄥ弽鎬濇棩鏈寗闊抽寗鍍忓埗搴︽檪(sh铆)鏇惧潶瑷€锛氣€滄棩鏈缓绔嬪湪鑸囩姱缃珜鐤戜汉妲�(g貌u)绛戜汉闅涢棞(gu膩n)绯�銆佸績鎰忔簼閫氫互鍙婁俊璩翠箣涓嬶紝鍙栧緱渚涜堪鐨勫伒瑷婃(j墨)鑳�銆佹€ц唱(zh矛)锛屾噳(y墨ng)濡備綍瑭�(p铆ng)鍍�(ji脿)锛熸湁浜哄父瑷€锛屽湪瀵嗗涓伒瑷�锛屾墠鑳藉缓绔嬩俊璩撮棞(gu膩n)绯伙紝鐘姜瀚岀枒浜烘墠鑲鍑哄(sh铆)瑭扁€︹€︹€�銆倇17}瑭︽兂鍦ㄥ伒瑷婁腑锛岀暥(d膩ng)鐘姜瀚岀枒浜虹殑蹇冪悊闃茬窔鏈夋墍鏉惧嫊(d貌ng)锛屽叾浠ラ棞(gu膩n)闁夐寗闊抽寗鍍忕偤姊濅欢锛岃珛(q菒ng)姹傝垏鍋垫煡浜哄摗鈥滃柈鐛�(d煤)浜ゆ祦鈥�銆佲€滅涓嬭亰鑱娾€濓紝姝ゆ檪(sh铆)瑷婂晱闈㈣嚚鍙栧緱绐佺牬鎬ч€�(j矛n)灞曠殑鎴�(zh脿n)姗�(j墨)锛屾毇鏅�(sh铆)闂�(gu膩n)闁夐寗闊抽寗鍍忔槸鍚﹀繀鐒朵笉濡�锛屽€煎緱娣辩┒銆傚啀鑰�锛岃濡傝▕鍟忎腑锛岃瑷婂晱浜虹殑韬珨绐佺櫦(f膩)涓嶉仼锛屾剰澶栧仠闆讳互鍙婁腑閫旀洿鎻涢寗闊抽寗鍍忓付绛夌溇澶氬師鍥犻兘鍙兘灏�(d菐o)鑷撮寗闊抽寗鍍忕殑涓柗銆佷笉閫ｇ簩(x霉)?锛熸ⅱ?锛屽湪鍏烽珨鐨勫徃娉曞(sh铆)鍕�(w霉)涓�锛岀敱浜庡绋師鍥狅紝鏈叏绋嬮寗闊抽寗鍍忕殑鎯呭舰闋楃偤甯歌锛屼竴姒傛摎(j霉)姝ゅ惁瀹氳▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏瀵�(sh铆)鏈変笉濡ャ€傚湪姝�锛岀瓎鑰呰獚(r猫n)鐐哄彲鍙冭€冨墠鏂�(涓€)鐨勭稉(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)锛屽湪娌掓湁鍏ㄧ▼閫ｇ簩(x霉)閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勨€滄柗榛�(di菐n)鎴栨柗鐗団€濊檿杓斾箣浠ユ枃瀛楄鏄�锛屽苟闄勪笂涓€瀹氱殑璀夋槑鏉愭枡銆備緥濡�锛岀獊鐧�(f膩)鍋滈浕鎴栬瑷婂晱浜虹獊鎮ｇ柧鐥呴渶瑕佺穵鎬ラ€侀櫌娌荤檪浠ヨ嚧閷勯煶閷勫儚涓柗鐨勬儏褰�锛屽彲闄勪笂闆诲姏灞€鐨勫仠闆昏瓑鏄庢垨閱�(y墨)闄㈢殑瑷虹檪瑷橀寗浣滅偤杓斿姪璀夋摎(j霉)锛屽寮�(qi谩ng)鍦ㄦ硶搴笂鐨勮В閲嬫晥鍔�銆傚啀濡傦紝鍋佃▕涓偤浜嗚垏鐘姜瀚岀枒浜哄缓绔嬩俊浠�銆佷究鍒╂簼閫�锛屾垨鑰呮噳(y墨ng)鐘姜瀚岀枒浜鸿姹�锛岀偤浜嗗伒鏌ヨ▕鍟忕殑闇€瑕侀仼鏅�(sh铆)闂�(gu膩n)闁夐寗闊抽寗鍍�锛岃濡傛椤炴儏褰㈡噳(y墨ng)灞伒瑷婁腑鐨勨€滃悎鐞嗘搷浣溾€�锛屽彧瑕佸湪瑷婂晱绛嗛寗涓敞鏄�锛屽苟缍�(j墨ng)閬庤瑷婂晱浜虹敖鍚嶅悓鎰�锛岃▕鍟忕瓎閷勫悓妯ｅ叿鏈夎瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏銆備絾鏄�锛屽皪(du矛)浜庢椤炴儏褰紝鍒颁簡瀵╁垽闅庢锛屾硶瀹樻湁蹇呰鐣�(d膩ng)搴悜琚憡浜虹⒑瑾�(r猫n)灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鏄惁鏈夌暟璀�銆備竴鍊�(g猫)鍙兘鐨勯毐鎮ｅ氨鏄�锛岃鍛婁汉鍋佃▕闅庢灏�(du矛)閮ㄥ垎鏅�(sh铆)娈垫湭閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勮獚(r猫n)鍙湭蹇呮槸鍑轰簬鍏�(n猫i)蹇冪湡瀵�(sh铆)鐨勬剰鎬濊〃绀�锛岄€欏叾涓槸鍚︽徊閫忔湁鍋垫煡浜哄摗鐨勫垜瑷�銆佸▉鑴�銆佸紩瑾樻垨娆洪鐨勫洜绱狅紝浠ヨ嚧琚▕鍟忎汉杩簬鍒戣▕娣▉鎴栬獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)閷�(cu貌)瑾ゆ墠琚揩绨藉瓧瑾�(r猫n)鍙�銆傚鏋滄硶搴稉(j墨ng)閬庣⒑瑾�(r猫n)锛屾矑鏈夐€欎簺涓嶅埄鍥犵礌鐨勫共鎿�锛岄偅涔堥洊鐒堕寗闊抽寗鍍忔湁涓柗锛屾湭鍏ㄧ▼閫ｇ簩(x霉)閫�(j矛n)琛�锛岃▕鍟忕瓎閷勪粛鐒跺叿鏈夎瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏銆�
銆€銆€
(涓�)灏�(du矛)閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤鐨勪笁灞ゅ垎椤炲強鐮旂┒閲嶅績鐨勭⒑绔�

閫氶亷灏�(du矛)閬曞弽閷勯煶閷勫儚鎯呭舰鐨勫叿楂斿墫鏋愶紝鍙互灏囧伒瑷婁腑鐨勯寗闊抽寗鍍忚鐐哄垎鐐哄咕鍊�(g猫)涓嶅悓灞ら潰(瑕嬪湒1)锛�

绗竴灞ら潰锛屽皣閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤鍒嗙偤锛氬悎瑕�(gu墨)鑼冪殑閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤鍜屽瑙€涓婇仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忕殑琛岀偤銆�瑭插垽鏂锋(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鏄緸瀹㈣琛岀偤鐨勭鍚堟€т笂閫�(j矛n)琛屽崁(q奴)鍒�銆傚皪(du矛)浜庡墠鑰咃紝瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鑷鍏峰倷璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屽苟鐒＄暟璀�銆傚皪(du矛)浜庡悗鑰呪€斺€斿鍦ㄥ瑙€涓婇仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忚(gu墨)瀹氱殑琛岀偤锛岄渶瑕侀€�(j矛n)琛岀浜屽堡闈㈢殑鍔冨垎锛屼互閫�(j矛n)涓€姝ュ垽鏂疯▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏銆�

绗簩灞ら潰锛屽皣瀹㈣涓婇仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忕殑琛岀偤鍒嗙偤锛氭儏娉佺穵鎬ユ垨涓昏涓婄劇閬庨尟(cu貌)鐨勯仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忚鐐哄拰涓诲瑙€绲�(t菕ng)涓€鐨勯仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忚鐐�銆�鍓嶈€呭爆浜庨仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忚鐐虹殑渚嬪鎯呭舰锛屽彧瑕佽兘瑾槑渚嬪鎯呭舰鐨勫瓨鍦�锛屽墖瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鍏锋湁璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏銆傚皪(du矛)浜庡悗鑰呭墖闇€瑕佸啀浣滅涓夊堡闈㈢殑绱�(x矛)鍒�銆�

绗笁灞ら潰锛屽皣涓诲瑙€绲�(t菕ng)涓€涓嬬殑閬曞弽閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤鍒嗙偤锛氣€滃悎鐞嗘搷浣溾€濅笅鐨勯仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忚鐐鸿垏鈥滀笉鍚堢悊鈥濈殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤銆�鍏朵腑锛屽皪(du矛)浜庘€滃悎鐞嗘搷浣溾€濅笅鐨勯仌鍙嶉寗闊抽寗鍍忚(gu墨)瀹氱殑琛岀偤锛屽彧瑕佽兘澶犻毃妗堢Щ閫佺浉闂�(gu膩n)鐨勮瓑鏄庢潗鏂欐垨琚▕鍟忎汉鐨勭敖鍚嶅悓鎰忔浉锛岃▕鍟忕瓎閷勪篃鍏锋湁璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏銆傚皪(du矛)浜庘€滀笉鍚堢悊鈥濈殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤鍓囨槸鏈枃鎺ヤ笅渚嗚瑷庤珫鐨勯噸榛�(di菐n)锛屼富瑕佹儏褰㈠寘鎷細娌掓湁渚嬪鎯呭舰鍗绘湭閷勯煶閷勫儚锛涙湭閫ｇ簩(x霉)閷勯煶閷勫儚(涓斾腑鏂风殑鏅�(sh铆)娈垫鏄鍛婁汉涓诲嫉?ji膩n)棣愯媱绯栬煯鑷卹(sh铆)娈�)锛涢儴鍒嗘檪(sh铆)娈甸寗闊抽寗鍍忕劇鑱查煶鐣潰(涓旀鏅�(sh铆)娈佃鍛婁汉涓诲嫉?ji膩n)顗ч鑻勭硸?銆傜瓎鑰呰獚(r猫n)鐐哄彧鏈夊皪(du矛)姝ら褰㈠紡鐨勯仌瑕�(gu墨)閷勯煶閷勫儚锛屾墠鏈夊繀瑕佽€冩叜閬╃敤鍓嶆枃浠嬬垂鐨勨€滅禃灏�(du矛)鎺掗櫎瑾€�銆佲€滄瑠(qu谩n)琛℃帓闄よ鈥濇垨鈥滀笉鍒╂帹瀹氳鈥濄€�

鍚告敹鈥滀笉鍒╂帹瀹氳鈥濈殑鍚堢悊鍏�(n猫i)鏍�锛岀祼(ji茅)鍚堟垜鍦嬫柊杩戜慨瑷傜殑鍒戜簨瑷磋娉曚腑灏囪瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鍒嗙偤鍚堟硶璀夋摎(j霉)銆侀潪娉曡瓑鎿�(j霉)浠ュ強鐟曠柕璀夋摎(j霉)鐨勪笁鍒嗘硶锛寋18}绛嗚€呰獚(r猫n)鐐�锛屽鏋滃湪鍋垫煡瑷婂晱涓櫦(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鈥滀笉鍚堢悊鈥濈殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤锛岃▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏閲団€滅憰鐤佃鈥濊純鐐哄Ε鐣�(d膩ng)銆�

锛堝湒鐣ワ級

鍦�1瑷婂晱涓寗闊抽寗鍍忚鐐虹殑涓夊堡鍒嗛

鍥�銆佽▕鍟忕瓎閷勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥滅憰鐤佃鈥濈殑鐞嗚珫璜栬瓑

鍓嶆枃寰炲叏绋嬮寗闊抽寗鍍忕殑鍔熻兘鍒嗘瀽鍏ユ墜鎺㈣◣瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏锛岄€欓噷绛嗚€呮摤寰為寗闊抽寗鍍忕殑鍔熻兘瀹氫綅鍒囧叆闂¤堪璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥滅憰鐤佃鈥濓紝瑾�(r猫n)鐐哄湪鈥滀笉鍚堢悊鈥濋仌娉曢寗闊抽寗鍍忔儏褰笅鐨勮▕鍟忕瓎閷勫爆浜庣憰鐤佃瓑鎿�(j霉)銆�

(涓€)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥滅憰鐤佃鈥濈殑璜栬瓑閭忚集

濡傚墠鎵€杩�锛屽悓姝ラ寗闊抽寗鍍忓皪(du矛)浜庤▕鍟忕瓎閷勬湁鍏╅噸鍔熸晥锛屼竴鏄繚闅滃叾璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屼簩鏄嵃璀夎▕鍟忕瓎閷勬墍瑷樿級鐨勫収(n猫i)瀹癸紝鎻愰珮绛嗛寗鐨勫叕淇″害鎴栬瓑鏄庡姏銆傜敱浜庢湰鏂囦富瑕佽◣璜栬▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屾晠閲濆皪(du矛)閷勯煶閷勫儚鍙棞(gu膩n)娉ㄥ叾璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏淇濋殰鍔熻兘銆備緷姝ゅ墠鎻�锛屸€滅憰鐤佃鈥濈殑璜栬瓑閭忚集濡備笅锛�

瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鏈唱(zh矛)涓婃槸渚涜堪鐨勪竴绋鍖栨浉闈㈠舰寮�锛屽叾璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏涔嬫墍浠ユ渻(hu矛)鍠け锛屽湪浜庝緵杩扮殑鑷効鎬ц鐮村锛岃€岀牬澹炵殑鍘熷洜涓昏鏄伒鏌ヤ汉鍝″湪瑷婂晱涓殑鍒戣▕閫间緵銆佸▉鑴�銆佸紩瑾樻垨娆洪绛夊毚(y谩n)閲嶇殑闈炴硶瑷婁綍琛岀偤灏�(d菐o)鑷磋瑷婂晱浜哄柂澶辨剰蹇楋紝涓斾緵杩扮殑铏涘亣鎬ч珮銆傚洜姝わ紝鍑℃槸閫氶亷鍒戣▕閫间緵绛夊毚(y谩n)閲嶇殑闈炴硶鍙栬瓑鏂瑰紡鐛插緱鐨勪緵杩伴兘琚獚(r猫n)鐐烘瑺缂鸿嚜鎰挎€ц€屼笉鍏峰倷璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屾噳(y墨ng)琚禃灏�(du矛)鎺掗櫎銆傜劧鑰岋紝閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勫紩鍏ユ伆鎭版湁鏁堟姂鍒朵簡闈炴硶鍙栬瓑琛岀偤鐨勭櫦(f膩)鐢熸鐜�銆傚湪涓€鍊�(g猫)鍏ㄦ柟浣嶇洠(ji膩n)鎺х殑绔嬮珨鍫�(ch菐ng)鎵€鍏�(n猫i)锛屽伒鏌ヤ汉鍝＄殑瑷€琛岃垑姝㈤兘鍙楀埌鐩�(ji膩n)鐫ｏ紝闈炴硶瑷婂晱鐨勭┖闁撳拰鏅�(sh铆)姗�(j墨)宸叉矑鏈変簡姝昏銆傚湪閫欐ǎ鐨勭挵(hu谩n)澧冧笅锛岃▕鍟忕殑鍚堟硶鎬у拰瑕�(gu墨)鑼冩€у緱浠ュ瀷濉�锛岃▕鍟忎腑渚涜堪鐨勮嚜鎰挎€у彲浠ュ緱鍒颁繚闅�锛岃▕鍟忕瓎閷勭暥(d膩ng)鐒跺叿鏈夎瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏銆備絾鏄竴鏃﹂寗闊抽寗鍍忚鎾ゅ嚭锛岀洠(ji膩n)鐫ｇ湡绌轰笅鍏堝墠鈥滈棞(gu膩n)閫�(j矛n)绫犲瓙鈥濈殑娆�(qu谩n)鍔涘張鏈変簡锠㈣牏娆插嫊(d貌ng)鐨勬(j墨)鏈�(hu矛)锛屽伒瑷婁腑鍒戣▕閫间緵绛夐潪娉曞彇璀夎鐐虹櫦(f膩)鐢熺殑棰�(f膿ng)闅�(xi菐n)绯绘暩(sh霉)鐢辨涓婂崌锛屼緵杩扮殑鑷効鎬ч洠浠ョ嵅寰楀厖鍒嗕繚闅�锛岃▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鑷劧鏈�(hu矛)鍌欏彈璩�(zh矛)鐤�銆傚湪姝�锛屽彲浠ュ皫(d菐o)鍑轰互涓嬪叐鍊�(g猫)鍩烘湰鐨勯倧杓棞(gu膩n)绯伙細

1.鏈夐寗闊抽寗鍍忊€斺€斿伒鏌ヨ▕鍟忓悎娉曡(gu墨)鑼冣€斺€斾緵杩拌嚜鎰挎€ф湁淇濋殰鈥斺€旇▕鍟忕瓎閷勬湁璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛�

2.鐒￠寗闊抽寗鍍忊€斺€斿伒鏌ヨ▕鍟忕殑鍚堟硶鎬у牚鎲傗€斺€斾緵杩拌嚜鎰挎€ф瑺缂轰繚闅溾€斺€旇▕鍟忕瓎閷勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鐤戠珖鍙㈢敓銆�

闇€瑕佹緞娓呯殑鏄紝2涓殑鍙嶅悜閭忚集闂�(gu膩n)绯诲苟涓嶅繀鐒跺皫(d菐o)鍑鸿▕鍟忕瓎閷勭劇璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛岃€屾槸灏�(du矛)璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熻唱(zh矛)鐤�銆傚洜?y脿n)?锛屽嵆浣块寗闊抽寗鍍忓叏绋嬬己浣嶏紝涔熷彧鏄郸鍒戣▕閫间緵绛夊毚(y谩n)閲嶉潪娉曞彇渚涜鐐烘彁渚涗簡鍙兘鐨勬(j墨)鏈�(hu矛)鍜屾浠�锛屼絾涓嶅繀鐒惰綁(zhu菐n)鍖栫偤鐝�(xi脿n)瀵�(sh铆)锛岃瑷婂晱浜虹敱姝ゅ仛鍑虹殑渚涜堪涔熷苟涓嶄竴瀹氭槸闈炶嚜鎰挎€х殑銆傚湪姝ゆ柗鐒惰偗瀹氬垜瑷婇€间緵绛夎鐐虹殑瀛樺湪锛屾彁鍑轰緵杩伴潪鑷効鎬х殑涓诲嫉锛岄€�(j矛n)鑰屽惁瀹氳▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屽(sh铆)鏈変笉濡�銆備緥濡傦紝鍦ㄤ竴璧锋晠鎰忔浜虹殑妗堜欢涓笉鑳藉洜?y脿n)姗涘磱鏋檙(sh铆)娌掓湁閷勯煶閷勫儚锛屽氨鏂峰畾鍋垫煡浜哄摗瀵�(sh铆)鏂戒簡鍒戣▕閫间緵锛屽惁瀹氳┎瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏銆傛伆鐣�(d膩ng)?sh霉)濂跺箽鐭哥粸缁炵壍澶媱鍑囧晩顔夌紦渚犳€碱嚜鍊猔娉曢寗闊抽寗鍍忚鐐衡€濊垏鈥滃垜瑷婇€间緵绛夐潪娉曞彇璀夎鐐衡€濆叐鑰呬箣闁撶穵瀵嗙殑闂�(gu膩n)鑱�(li谩n)鎬ф垨鈥滆純楂樿搵鐒舵€х殑寮曡捣鑸囪寮曡捣闂�(gu膩n)绯烩€�锛屾嚪鐤戣鍛婁汉鐨勪緵杩颁笉鍏锋湁鑷効鎬�锛屼絾浠嶄笉鎺掗櫎渚涜堪鍏锋湁鑷効鎬х殑鍙兘銆傚氨姝�锛屽彲浠ヨ獚(r猫n)鐐鸿▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鍥�?y脿n)娈囨岛缈℃档绌圭煫濞存懝鎷屛ヨ癌纰у贡璋浶ヮ悷菛鑷撻B(t脿i)锛屽爆浜庣憰鐤佃瓑鎿�(j霉)锛屽鏋滆兘澶犵⿳妤靛湴瑁�(b菙)姝�銆佽В閲嬶紝瑷婂晱绛嗛寗浠嶅叿鏈夎瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏锛涗絾濡傛灉涓嶉€�(j矛n)琛岃(b菙)姝ｃ€佽В閲嬫垨瑁�(b菙)姝�銆佽В閲嬩笉鑳�锛岃┎瑷婂晱绛嗛寗灏囪鐐虹劇璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏琚帓闄�銆�

鈥滅憰鐤佃鈥濊垏鈥滀笉鍒╂帹瀹氳鈥濆湪鍏烽珨鎿嶄綔涓婂熀鏈浉鍚�銆傞鍏堬紝鍏╃ó瀛�(xu茅)瑾兘瑾�(r猫n)鐐衡€滀笉鍚堢悊鈥濈殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚骞朵笉蹇呯劧灏�(d菐o)鑷磋▕鍟忕瓎閷勭劇璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏銆傚叾娆★紝鍏╃ó瀛�(xu茅)瑾篃涓嶆壙瑾�(r猫n)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗姝ゆ檪(sh铆)鏈夎瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏锛岃€屾槸瑕佹眰閫氶亷鑸夎瓑鎴栬(b菙)姝�銆佽В閲嬬殑鏂瑰紡渚嗚瓑鏄庤▕鍟忕殑鍚堟硶鎬�銆佷緵杩板叿鏈夎嚜鎰挎€�锛屾渶绲傝鏈嶆硶瀹樿獚(r猫n)鍙▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏銆備絾濡傛灉鏄垑璀変笉鑳芥垨瑁�(b菙)姝ｈВ閲嬬劇鏁�锛屽墖瑷婂晱绛嗛寗灏辨渻(hu矛)琚帹瀹氭垨瑾�(r猫n)瀹氱偤鐒¤瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屾帓闄ゅ湪娉曞涵涔嬪銆備笉鍚岀殑鏄紝鈥滀笉鍒╂帹瀹氳鈥濈洿鎺ュ皣鏈夌埈(zh膿ng)璀扮殑瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鎺ㄥ畾鐐衡€滅劇璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥�锛涒€滅憰鐤佃鈥濆墖鏄湪鎴戝湅璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏涓夊垎娉�(鍚堟硶璀夋摎(j霉)銆侀潪娉曡瓑鎿�(j霉)鍜岀憰鐤佃瓑鎿�(j霉))鐨勭珛娉曡儗鏅笅锛屽皣鐖�(zh膿ng)璀扮殑瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鏆檪(sh铆)瑾�(r猫n)瀹氱偤璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥滄湁鐟曠柕鈥濓紝瀵�(sh铆)闅涗笂涔熸槸涓€绋収(n猫i)鍦ㄦ帹瀹�锛屽彧鏄皣瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鎺ㄥ畾鍒颁簡鈥滄湁璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥濆拰鈥滅劇璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥濅箣闁撶殑涓枔鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鈥斺€斺€滅憰鐤佃瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥濋€欎竴涓枔鐙€鎱�(t脿i)骞朵笉绌�(w臎n)瀹�锛屾湁鍚戔€滅劇璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥濈媭鎱�(t脿i)婊戝嫊(d貌ng)鐨勮定鍕�(sh矛)锛屽彧鏈夐€氶亷绌嶆サ鐨勮(b菙)姝�銆佽В閲嬫墠鑳介樆姝㈤€欎竴瓒ㄥ嫝(sh矛)璁婃垚鐝�(xi脿n)瀵�(sh铆)锛岃€屽皣鈥滅憰鐤佃瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥濆京(f霉)姝稿埌鈥滄湁璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥濈殑绌�(w臎n)鍥虹媭鎱�(t脿i)锛屽惁鍓囧叾蹇呭皣鍔冨悜鐒¤瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勭媭鎱�(t脿i)銆傜浉杓冭€岃█锛屽湪璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐙€鎱�(t脿i)鐨勬弿杩颁笂鈥滅憰鐤佃鈥濇瘮鈥滀笉鍒╂帹瀹氳鈥濇洿鐐哄舰璞★紝浣嗗叾鍏�(n猫i)鍦ㄧ殑閬�(y霉n)琛屾(j墨)鐞嗚定杩戜竴鑷�銆傗€滅憰鐤佃鈥濆鍚堜簡鎴戝湅鍒戜簨瑷磋娉曚互鍙婄浉闂�(gu膩n)鍙告硶瑙ｉ噵涓皪(du矛)璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勭従(xi脿n)琛岃(gu墨)瀹�锛屼篃渚夸簬瀵�(sh铆)鍕�(w霉)閮ㄩ杸鐞嗚В鍜屾搷浣�銆�

(浜�)鈥滅憰鐤佃鈥濈殑寤朵几鈥斺€旇(b菙)姝�銆佽В閲嬬殑鏂规硶璺緫

鍦ㄨ瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥滅憰鐤佃鈥濈殑妗嗘灦涓�锛岃▕鍟忎腑鈥滀笉鍚堢悊鈥濈殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤骞朵笉蹇呯劧灏�(d菐o)鑷磋▕鍟忕瓎閷勫柂澶辫瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屾鏅�(sh铆)鐨勮▕鍟忕瓎閷勫爆浜庣憰鐤佃瓑鎿�(j霉)锛屽彲浠ラ€氶亷瑁�(b菙)姝ｈВ閲嬬殑鏂瑰紡灏囩憰鐤垫不鎰�锛屾仮寰�(f霉)鍏惰瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏銆傞偅涔堝浣曟(g貌u)寤鸿(b菙)姝ｃ€佽В閲嬬殑璺緫锛熸湁鐒￠爯(y霉)瑷�(sh猫)鐨勫墠鎻愶紵

1.瑙哥櫦(f膩)璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鈥滅憰鐤佃鈥濈殑鍓嶆彁闋�(y霉)瑷�(sh猫)

瑷婂晱绛嗛寗璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐟曠柕鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熶簬鈥滀笉鍚堢悊鈥濈殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤锛岄倓蹇呴爤浠ヨ鍛婁汉灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱鐨勫悎娉曟€ф彁鍑虹暟璀扮偤鍓嶆彁銆傜敵瑷€涔�锛岀櫦(f膩)鐢熶簡閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勮鐐哄儏鍍呮槸浣胯▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熲€滄經鍦ㄦ€х憰鐤碘€�锛岃浣垮叾澶栭’蹇呴爤鏄鍛婁汉灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱鐨勫悎娉曟€ф彁鍑轰簡鐣拌銆傛寜鐓ф垜鍦嬬浉闂�(gu膩n)鍙告硶瑙ｉ噵锛屾帶杈洐鏂瑰皪(du矛)鈥滃湪娉曞涵瀵╃悊涓笉瀛樺湪鐣拌鐨勭▼搴忎簨瀵�(sh铆)鈥漿19}涓嶅繀鎻愬嚭璀夋摎(j霉)鍔犱互璀夋槑銆傚洜姝�锛屸€滄瀵熷畼浠ヨ鍛婅嚜鐧界偤璀夋摎(j霉)鏅�(sh铆)锛岀劇闋堣瓑鏄庤鍛婁箣鑷櫧鏄惁鍑轰簬浠绘剰鎬�锛屽儏鍦ㄨ鍛婁互鍏惰嚜鐧介潪鍑轰簬浠绘剰鎬у閬垜姹傛姉杈檪(sh铆)锛屾硶闄㈠渚濊伔娆�(qu谩n)瑾�(di脿o)鏌ヤ箣?锛佺湧20}

鍦ㄦ噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)閷勯煶閷勫儚鍗绘矑鏈夐寗闊抽寗鍍忕殑妗堜欢涓�锛屽鏋滆鍛婃柟灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱鐨勫悎娉曟€ф湭鎻愬嚭鐣拌锛屼綔鐐哄鍒や腑鐨勭▼搴忎簨瀵�(sh铆)鈥斺€斾緵杩扮殑鑷効鎬у厤璀�锛岃▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏骞朵笉寮曠櫦(f膩)鈥滅憰鐤碘€濆晱椤�锛岃瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鑷鍙栧緱銆傜暥(d膩ng)鐒跺皪(du矛)浜庢鍟忛锛屾硶瀹樹篃蹇呴爤鍦ㄥ涵瀵╀腑鐣�(d膩ng)搴悜琚憡浜虹⒑瑾�(r猫n)锛屼互纰哄畾鍏垛€滆拷瑾�(r猫n)鈥濈偤鐪熷(sh铆)鐨勬剰鎬濊〃绀�銆�

2.灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐟曠柕鐨勮(b菙)姝�銆佽В閲嬭矾寰戔€斺€斿皪(du矛)瑷婂晱鍚堟硶鎬х殑璀夋槑

鐣�(d膩ng)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鐢�(ch菐n)鐢熺憰鐤�锛岀偤浜嗛伩鍏嶈鎺掗櫎锛屽繀闋堥€�(j矛n)琛岃(b菙)姝ｆ垨瑙ｉ噵銆傞€氶亷鍓嶆枃鐨勯倧杓垎鏋�锛屽叿楂旂殑瑁�(b菙)姝�銆佽В閲嬭矾寰戞槸閫氶亷璀夋槑瑷婂晱绋嬪簭鐨勫悎娉曟€т締鎿�(d膩n)淇濅緵杩扮殑鑷効鎬э紝浠ユ仮寰�(f霉)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏銆傛寜鐓ч€欎竴璺緫锛屽皣娑夊強鍒颁互涓嬪晱椤岀殑鍒嗘瀽灞曢枊锛岃渚嗚瓑鏄�(鎴栬(b菙)姝�銆佽В閲�)锛屽叿楂旇瓑鏄�(鎴栬(b菙)姝�銆佽В閲�)鐨勬柟寮忔柟娉曪紝璀夋槑(鎴栬(b菙)姝�銆佽В閲�)鍒颁綍绋▼搴︼紝瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏濮嬪緱浠ユ仮寰�(f霉)銆�

(1)瑷婂晱鍚堟硶鎬т箣璀夋槑璨�(z茅)浠绘噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)鐢辨瀵熸(j墨)闂�(gu膩n)鎵挎摂(d膩n)銆�鈥滅憰鐤佃鈥濅綔鐐衡€滀笉鍒╂帹瀹氳鈥濈殑鏈湡鎬ф敼鑹�锛屽湪鍊熼憭鈥滀笉鍒╂帹瀹氳鈥濆収(n猫i)閮ㄩ亱(y霉n)琛屾(j墨)鐞嗙殑鍚屾檪(sh铆)锛岄倓鍚告敹浜嗙暥(d膩ng)浜嬩汉涓荤京鑹插僵涓嬬殑灏�(du矛)鎶楃悊蹇�銆傚嵆涓€鏃﹁鍛婁汉鎻愬嚭閬彈鍒戞眰绛変富寮�锛屽皪(du矛)瑷婂晱鐨勫悎娉曟€ф彁鍑鸿唱(zh矛)鐤�锛屽苟鎸夌収娉曞緥鐨勮(gu墨)瀹氭彁鍑轰簡鈥滅浉闂�(gu膩n)绶氱储鎴栨潗鏂欌€濓紝閭ｄ箞瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鍗崇敘(ch菐n)鐢熲€滅憰鐤碘€�锛屾瀵熸(j墨)闂�(gu膩n)蹇呴爤閫氶亷绌嶆サ鐨勮垑璀変締璀夋槑瑷婂晱鐨勫悎娉曟€�锛岃(b菙)姝ｂ€滅憰鐤碘€�锛屽苟鎵挎摂(d膩n)瑷婂晱鍚堟硶鎬х殑璀夋槑璨�(z茅)浠�銆�

闇€瑕佹敞鎰忕殑鏄�锛屾寜鐓ф垜鍦嬪垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶鐨勮(gu墨)瀹氾紝鍦ㄨ鍛婁汉灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱鐨勫悎娉曟€ф彁鍑虹暟璀版檪(sh铆)锛岃鍛婃柟閭勯渶鎵挎摂(d膩n)鍒濇璀夋槑鐨勮铂(z茅)浠烩€斺€旀彁渚涚浉闂�(gu膩n)鐨勭窔绱㈡垨鏉愭枡锛屼娇娉曞畼灏�(du矛)浜庤▕鍟忕殑鍚堟硶鎬х敘(ch菐n)鐢熸嚪鐤�锛岄€�(j矛n)鑰屽紩鐧�(f膩)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏铏曚簬鈥滅憰鐤碘€濈媭鎱�(t脿i)銆備絾绛嗚€呰獚(r猫n)鐐�锛屽湪璜稿鈥滄矑鏈変緥澶栨儏褰㈡噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)閷勯煶閷勫儚鑰屾矑鏈�锛涙湭閫ｇ簩(x霉)閷勯煶閷勫儚(涓斾腑鏂锋檪(sh铆)娈垫鏄鍛婁汉涓诲嫉?ji膩n)棣愯媱绯栬煯鑷卹(sh铆)娈�)锛涢儴鍒嗘檪(sh铆)娈甸寗闊抽寗鍍忕劇鑱查煶鐣潰(涓旀鏅�(sh铆)娈佃鍛婁汉涓诲嫉?ji膩n)顗ч鑻勭硸?鈥濈瓑鈥滀笉鍚堢悊鈥濈殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤鐧�(f膩)鐢熸檪(sh铆)锛屽熀浜庡墠鏂囪珫鍙婄殑鈥溾€樹笉鍚堢悊鈥欑殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚琛岀偤鈥濊垏鈥滃垜瑷婇€间緵绛夐潪娉曞彇璀夆€濆叐鑰呬箣闁撶穵瀵嗙殑闂�(gu膩n)鑱�(li谩n)鎬ф垨鈥滆純楂樿搵鐒舵€х殑寮曡捣鑸囪寮曡捣闂�(gu膩n)绯烩€濓紝鍙互鐩存帴瑙哥櫦(f膩)娉曞涵灏�(du矛)瀛樺湪鍒戣▕閫间緵绛夐潪娉曞彇璀夎鐐虹殑鎳风枒锛屾鏅�(sh铆)鈥溾€樹笉鍚堢悊鈥欑殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚鈥濆彲鐪嬩綔鏄鍛婁汉鎻愬嚭鐨勭浉闂�(gu膩n)绶氱储鎴栨潗鏂�锛岃鍛婁汉鐨勫垵姝ヨ瓑鏄庤铂(z茅)浠诲凡缍�(j墨ng)瀹屾垚銆�

(2)妾㈡柟灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱鍚堟硶鎬х殑璀夋槑鎳�(y墨ng)閲囪嚜鐢辫瓑鏄�銆傜敱浜庡皪(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勭憰鐤佃(b菙)姝ｄ富瑕佹槸灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱绋嬪簭鍚堟硶鎬х殑璀夋槑锛岃瓑鏄庣殑灏�(du矛)璞″爆浜庣▼搴忔€х埈(zh膿ng)榛�(di菐n)锛屽皪(du矛)姝ゆ噳(y墨ng)閲囧彇浣曠ó璀夋槑鏂瑰紡锛熷毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庤垏鑷敱璀夋槑鐞嗚珫鍦ㄦ鍙硣鍊熼憭銆�

鍤�(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庤垏鑷敱璀夋槑閫欏皪(du矛)姒傚康婧愯嚜澶ч櫢娉曠郴鐨勫痉鍦嬶紝鍚庣稉(j墨ng)灏忛噹娓呬竴閮庡紩鍏ユ棩鏈�锛岀稉(j墨ng)閬庡唬娉涚殑瑷庤珫鍜屾敼閫犲皣鍏跺畾缇╃偤锛氣€滀緷鍒戜簨瑷磋娉曡(gu墨)瀹�锛岃瑾�(r猫n)鐐哄叿鏈夎瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏涔嬭瓑鎿�(j霉)锛屽湪鍏垽搴笂缍�(j墨ng)鐢卞悎娉曚箣璀夋摎(j霉)瑾�(di脿o)鏌ョ▼搴忔墍寰椾箣璀夋槑璎備箣鍤�(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄�锛岃€岃嚜鐢辫瓑鏄庣郴鎸囨瑺缂哄毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庢浠朵箣鍏ㄩ儴鎴栬€呬竴閮ㄥ垎鎵€鐐轰箣璀夋槑(浜﹁純鍤�(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庣◢寰鏉句箣璀夋槑?锛佺湧21}鍚庡毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庤垏鑷敱璀夋槑閫欏皪(du矛)姒傚康鍌冲叆鎴戝湅鑷�(t谩i)鐏ｅ湴鍗€(q奴)锛岃繎骞翠締鎴戝湅澶ч櫢灏�(du矛)姝や篃閫�(j矛n)琛屼簡寤ｆ硾鐨勬帰瑷庛€倇22}涓绘祦瑙€榛�(di菐n)瑾�(r猫n)鐐衡€滃氨閬╃敤鑼冨湇鑰岃█锛岀▼搴忕埈(zh膿ng)榛�(di菐n)涔嬭瓑鏄�锛屽儏闋堥仼鐢ㄨ嚜鐢辫瓑鏄庝箣绋嬪簭鍗崇偤宸茶冻锛屼緥濡傛硶瀹樻湁鐒″洖閬夸簨鐢�锛屽憡瑷翠汉浣曟檪(sh铆)鐭ユ倝鐘汉锛岃瓑浜烘湁鐒＄壒瀹氫箣妤�(y猫)鍕�(w霉)闂�(gu膩n)绯�锛岃瓑浜烘槸鍚﹀凡閬�(d谩)鍏风祼(ji茅)骞撮健绛�锛屾澶栵紝琚憡鎻愬嚭鍒戞眰渚嗘姉杈檪(sh铆)锛岀敱浜庣郴鐖�(zh膿ng)浜嬮爡(xi脿ng)涔冭▕鍟忓畼鍝℃湁鐒′娇鐢ㄤ笉姝ｆ柟娉曚箣绋嬪簭鐖�(zh膿ng)榛�(di菐n)锛屽洜姝ゅ儏闋堣嚜鐢辫瓑鏄庡嵆鍙�?锛佺湧23}

鍊熼憭鍤�(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庤垏鑷敱璀夋槑鐨勭悊璜�锛岀瓎鑰呰獚(r猫n)鐐鸿▕鍟忕瓎閷勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勭憰鐤靛彲浠ラ€氶亷璀夋槑瑷婂晱绋嬪簭鐨勫悎娉曟€ц(b菙)姝�锛岄€欐槸灏�(du矛)琚憡浜哄垜姹備富寮电殑鍙嶉鎴栧惁瀹�锛屽疁閲囪嚜鐢辫瓑鏄�銆傛垜鍦嬭嚭(t谩i)鐏ｅ湴鍗€(q奴)鍙告硶瀵�(sh铆)鍕�(w霉)閮ㄩ杸浜﹁獚(r猫n)鐐�锛屸€滆鍛婅嚜鐧芥槸鍚﹀嚭浜庝换鎰忔€э紝娑夊強琚憡鑷櫧鏈夌劇璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屽緱鍚︾偤璀夋摎(j霉)锛屽爆浜庣▼搴忎簨瀵�(sh铆)浜嬮爡(xi脿ng)锛屽皪(du矛)浜庢绛変簨闋�(xi脿ng)鏈夌枒缇╂檪(sh铆)锛屾噳(y墨ng)閬╃敤鑷敱璀夋槑绋嬪簭瑾�(di脿o)鏌ヤ箣鈥�銆倇24}闂�(gu膩n)浜庤嚜鐢辫瓑鏄庯紝绛嗚€呰獚(r猫n)鍚屸€滃湪鑷敱璀夋槑閬╃敤鐨勫牬(ch菐ng)鍚�锛屾硶闄笉鍙楁硶瀹氱殑璀夋摎(j霉)鏂规硶鍜岃(di脿o)鏌ョ▼搴忕殑闄愬埗锛屽師鍓囦笂鍙互浣跨敤浠讳綍褰㈠紡鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鏉愭枡渚嗗姞浠ヨ瓑鏄�銆傛硶瀹樺彲浠ラ噰鐢ㄦ煡闁卞嵎瀹�銆侀浕瑭辫鍟忕瓑鏂规硶鏌ユ槑绋嬪簭鎬т簨瀵�(sh铆)锛岃€屼笉鍙楃洿鎺�銆佽█瑭炲拰鍏枊鍘熷墖鍙婂偝鑱炶瓑鎿�(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)鍓囩殑闄愬埗?锛佺湧25}鎿�(j霉)姝�锛屽湪鎺ф柟鐨勮垑璀夐亷绋嬩腑锛屽彲浠ユ浉闈㈠舰寮忔彁浜よ瓑浜鸿瓑瑷€锛岀劇闇€鍙楀偝鑱炶(gu墨)鍓囩殑闄愬埗锛屽銆婇棞(gu膩n)浜庤睛鐞嗗垜浜嬫浠舵帓闄ら潪娉曡瓑鎿�(j霉)鑻ュ共鍟忛鐨勮(gu墨)瀹氥€嬪氨鎸囧嚭锛屽湪瑷婂晱鍚堟硶鎬х殑璀夋槑涓婏紝鎺ф柟鍙互鎻愪氦鈥滃姞钃嬪叕绔犵殑瑾槑鏉愭枡鈥�銆傚彟澶栵紝璜稿琚憡浜哄湪瑷婂晱鏈熼枔鍏朵粬鍦ㄥ牬(ch菐ng)浜哄摗(濡傜炕璀汉鍝�銆佹硶瀹氫唬鐞嗕汉绛�)鐨勬浉闈㈣瓑瑷€锛岄€�(j矛n)鍑虹湅瀹堟墍鐨勯珨妾㈠牨(b脿o)鍛婄瓑閮藉彲浠ヤ綔鐐鸿瓑鏄庤▕鍟忓悎娉曟€�銆佸彛渚涜嚜鎰挎€х殑璀夋摎(j霉)銆�

闇€瑕佹敞鎰忕殑鏄�锛岄洊鐒惰嚜鐢辫瓑鏄庡皪(du矛)璀夋摎(j霉)鏂规硶鍜岃(di脿o)鏌ョ▼搴忔矑鏈夊毚(y谩n)鏍奸檺鍒�锛屼絾涓€浜涘熀鏈殑璀夋摎(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)鍓囧拰瑾�(di脿o)鏌ユ柟寮忎粛鎳�(y墨ng)閬靛畧銆傚棣栧厛鎳�(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)鍤�(y谩n)鏍奸伒瀹堣瓑鎿�(j霉)鍙栧緱鐨勫毚(y谩n)绂佹毚鍔涘彇璀�銆傛湁瀛�(xu茅)鑰呭氨鎸囧嚭锛屸€滃湪灏�(du矛)鑷櫧浠绘剰鎬х殑璀夋槑涓�锛岄€氬父鏄敱鎺ф柟鎵挎摂(d膩n)鑷櫧浠绘剰鎬х殑璀夋槑璨�(z茅)浠荤殑锛岃嫢鎺ф柟鍦ㄨ瓑鏄庢檪(sh铆)浣跨敤鐨勬槸閲囩敤鏆村姏銆佽剠杩墜娈靛彇寰楃殑璀変汉璀夎█锛屽鐢辫瀵熷▉鑴呰垏琚憡鍚屼綇涓€鍊�(g猫)鐩�(ji膩n)瀹ょ殑鍏朵粬琚憡浜猴細鈥樹綘蹇呴爤鍚戞硶搴綔璀変粬(鏈琚憡浜�)韬笂鐨勫偡鏄綘鍊戞墦鏋舵墦鐨�锛屽惁鍓囨垜璁撲綘濂界湅銆傗€欓€欑ó璀夎█鍦ㄥ垽鏂疯嚜鐧戒换鎰忔€ф檪(sh铆)灏变笉鎳�(y墨ng)閲囩磵锛屽洜?y脿n)姗愮牳绮嬧偓(g猫)涓嶅叿鏈変换鎰忔€х殑鑷櫧鍘昏瓑瀵�(sh铆)鍙︿竴鍊�(g猫)鑷櫧鐨勪换鎰忔€э紝涓嶅儏涓嶈兘瀹屾垚璀夋槑浠诲嫏(w霉)锛屽弽鑰屾洿鍔犵牬澹炶ù瑷熻瓑鏄庣殑鍚堟硶鎬у拰姝ｇ暥(d膩ng)鎬�?锛佺湧26}鍏舵锛屾墍鎻愪氦鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)蹇呴爤鑸囩▼搴忔€х埈(zh膿ng)榛�(di菐n)浜嬪(sh铆)鏈夊収(n猫i)鍦ㄧ殑闂�(gu膩n)鑱�(li谩n)鎬с€傚彟澶�锛屸€滄秹鍙婅嚜鐧戒换鎰忔€х殑浜嬪(sh铆)鏄ù瑷熸硶涓婄殑浜嬪(sh铆)锛屼絾澶氭暩(sh霉)鏄垏鐘姜浜嬪(sh铆)鏈夊瘑鍒囬棞(gu膩n)绯荤殑浜嬪(sh铆)锛屽湪閫欑ó鎯呮硜涓嬪繀闋堜繚闅滆鍛婁汉鐨勭埈(zh膿ng)杈瑠(qu谩n)鍒�?锛佺湧27}

(3)璀夋槑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)浠ュ劒(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)璀夋摎(j霉)鐐哄疁銆�鈥滃毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庡繀闋堥仈(d谩)鍒板畬鍏ㄧ⒑淇＄殑蹇冭瓑绋嬪害锛屽弽涔�锛屾硶闄緷鐓ц嚜鐢辫瓑鏄庨仈(d谩)鎴愪箣蹇冭瓑锛岀劇闋堥仈(d谩)鍒扮⒑淇＄殑绋嬪害锛屽彧瑕佹硶闄㈠湪蹇冭瓑涓婅獚(r猫n)鐐哄緢鏈夊彲鑳芥垨澶ц嚧鐩镐俊鐐哄凡瓒斥€斺€旈€欑ó寰堟湁鍙兘鎴栧ぇ鑷寸浉淇＄殑蹇冭瓑绋嬪害锛岀磩鑾浉鐣�(d膩ng)浜庢硶瀹樺洖閬夸簨瀵�(sh铆)鎵€瑕佹眰鐨勯噵鏄庣▼搴�?锛佺湧28}鎸夌収閫欎竴瑙€榛�(di菐n)锛屽皪(du矛)浜庤▕鍟忕▼搴忓悎娉曟€х殑璀夋槑锛屽叾璀夋槑绋嬪害鐒￠渶閬�(d谩)鍒板毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庣殑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)銆傚湪鎴戝湅锛屽皪(du矛)浜庡(sh铆)楂旀€т簨瀵�(sh铆)鐨勫毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庤姹傞仈(d谩)鍒版浠朵簨瀵�(sh铆)娓呮銆佽瓑鎿�(j霉)纰哄(sh铆)鍏呭垎鐨勭▼搴�锛屼絾灏�(du矛)浜庣▼搴忔€у晱椤岀殑璀夋槑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)锛屽垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶鍗讳粯涔嬮棔濡傘€傝€屸€滃叐楂樹笁閮ㄢ€濄€婇棞(gu膩n)浜庤睛鐞嗗垜浜嬫浠舵帓闄ら潪娉曡瓑鎿�(j霉)鑻ュ共鍟忛鐨勮(gu墨)瀹氥€嬬11姊濇寚鍑�锛屸€滃叕瑷翠汉鎻愪緵鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)纰哄(sh铆)銆佸厖鍒�锛岃兘澶犳帓闄よ鍛婁汉瀵╁垽鍓嶄緵杩板爆闈炴硶鍙栧緱鐨�锛屸€濇硶搴彲浠ョ暥(d膩ng)搴璁€銆佽唱(zh矛)璀夛紝鑰冩叜浣滅偤瀹氭鐨勬牴鎿�(j霉)銆傛寜鐓ч€欎竴瑕�(gu墨)瀹�锛屾垜鍦嬪皪(du矛)绋嬪簭鎬х埈(zh膿ng)榛�(di菐n)鐨勮瓑鏄庢(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)瑷�(sh猫)瀹氬埌鑸囧毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庣浉鍚岀殑绋嬪害锛岄亷浜庡毚(y谩n)鏍�銆傜浉灏�(du矛)鑰岃█锛岃嚜鐢辫瓑鏄庢硶鍓囦笅鐩稿皪(du矛)瀵澗鐨勮瓑鏄庢(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鏇寸偤鍚堢悊銆傚€熼憭缇庡湅璀夋摎(j霉)娉曞皣璀夋槑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鍒嗙偤涔濈瓑鐨勭悊璜栵細鈥滅涓€绛夋槸绲曞皪(du矛)纰哄畾锛岀敱浜庤獚(r猫n)璀�(sh铆)璜栫殑闄愬埗锛岃獚(r猫n)鐐洪€欎竴妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐒℃硶閬�(d谩)鍒�锛屽洜姝ょ劇璜栧嚭浜庝换浣曟硶寰嬬洰鐨勫潎鐒￠€欐ǎ鐨勮姹�锛涚浜岀瓑鍗虫帓闄ゅ悎鐞嗘嚪鐤�锛岀偤鍒戜簨妗堜欢鍋氬嚭瀹氱姜瑁佹焙鎵€瑕佹眰锛屼篃鏄ù瑷熻瓑鏄庨€欐柟闈㈢殑鏈€楂樻(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)锛涚涓夌瓑鏄竻妤氬拰鏈夎鏈嶅姏鐨勮瓑鏄庯紝鏌愪簺鍙告硶姗�(j墨)闂�(gu膩n)鍦ㄦ鍒戞浠朵腑鐣�(d膩ng)鎷掔禃淇濋噵鏅�(sh铆)锛屼互鍙婁綔鍑烘煇浜涙皯浜嬪垽姹烘湁閫欐ǎ鐨勮姹傦紱绗洓绛夋槸鍎�(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)璀夋摎(j霉)锛屾槸浣滃嚭姘戜簨鍒ゆ焙浠ュ強鑲畾鍒戜簨杈(h霉)鏅�(sh铆)鐨勮姹�锛涚浜旂瓑鏄悎鐞嗘牴鎿�(j霉)锛岄仼鐢ㄤ簬绨界櫦(f膩)浠ょ媭锛岀劇璀夐€崟銆佹悳鏌ュ拰鎵ｆ娂锛屾彁璧峰ぇ闄鍦�(tu谩n)璧疯ù鏇稿拰妾㈠療瀹樿捣瑷存浉锛屾挙閵风珐鍒戝拰鍋囬噵锛屼互鍙婂叕姘戞壄閫佺瓑鎯呮硜锛涚鍏瓑鏄湁鐞嗙敱鐨勭浉淇★紝閬╃敤浜庘€�?d膩ng)r鎴拰鎼滆韩鈥�锛涚涓冪瓑鏄湁鐞嗙敱鐨勬嚪鐤�锛岃冻浠ュ皣琚憡瀹ｅ憡鐒＄姜锛涚鍏瓑鏄嚪鐤�锛屽彲浠ラ枊濮嬪伒鏌ワ紱绗節绛夋槸鐒＄窔绱�锛屼笉瓒充互閲囧彇浠讳綍娉曞緥琛岀偤銆傗€漿29}绛嗚€呰獚(r猫n)鐐�锛岃▕鍟忓悎娉曟€х殑璀夋槑鍙噰鍎�(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)璀夋摎(j霉)(preponderance of the evidence)妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)銆�

灏�(du矛)浜庤瓑鏄庤鍛婁汉鑷櫧浠绘剰鎬ц閬�(d谩)鍒扮殑蹇冭瓑绋嬪害锛岀編鍦嬪湪妯傞珮瑷村湒绫虫(Lego v.Twomey)鐨勮◣璜栦腑宸叉湁娑夊強?锛侀湼鎽壇妗撻弰鐘�?Lego)琚€崟鍚庡湪璀﹀療灞€鑷櫧锛屼絾闅ㄥ悗鍦ㄦ硶搴笂涓诲嫉鍏惰瑷婅嚜鐧芥槸鍦ㄩ牠閮�銆侀牳閮ㄩ伃鍒版鏌勬搳鎵撳悗琚揩鎵€浣�锛屼笉鍏锋湁浠绘剰鎬�銆傚彟澶�锛岃鍛婇倓鎻愪緵浜嗙暥(d膩ng)鏅�(sh铆)鐨勭収鐗�锛岀収鐗囬’绀哄叾闋儴銆侀牳閮ㄦ湁鍌�銆備絾璀﹂暦鍜屽洓鍚嶈瀵熷嚭搴ū骞舵湭灏�(du矛)琚憡瀵�(sh铆)鏂芥瘑鎵撳拰鑴呰揩锛屽苟鎸囧嚭鐓х墖椤ず鐨勫偡鐥曟槸琚憡鎼跺姭鏅�(sh铆)锛岄伃琚浜烘姄鍌锋墍鐣�銆傛湰妗堝皪(du矛)浜庢瀵熷畼璀夋槑琚憡鑷櫧浠绘剰鎬х殑鑸夎瓑璨�(z茅)浠绘(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)灏遍噰绱嶄簡鍎�(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)璀夋摎(j霉)鐨勯杸妾伙紝鍗冲垽鏂疯瀵熻垏琚憡鏂圭殑闄宠堪浣曡€呮洿杓冪偤鍙俊銆倇30}鍒ゆ焙浣滃嚭鍚�锛岃鍛婁汉涓€鐩翠笂瑷村埌鑱�(li谩n)閭︽渶楂樻硶闄�锛屽苟涓诲嫉灏�(du矛)鑷櫧浠绘剰鎬х殑璀夋槑绋嬪害鎳�(y墨ng)閲団€滄帓闄ゅ悎鐞嗘嚪鐤戠殑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鈥�(beyond a rea- sonable doubt)銆傚皪(du矛)姝よ伅(li谩n)閭︽渶楂樻硶闄㈡湭浜堥噰绱�锛屽苟鎸囧嚭锛氣€滅偤浜嗚惤瀵�(sh铆)鐒＄姜鎺ㄥ畾鍘熷墖锛岄櫎闈炴(g貌u)鎴愮姱缃墍蹇呴爤鐨勬瘡鍊�(g猫)鐘姜妲�(g貌u)鎴愯浠惰璀夋槑鍒版帓闄ゅ悎鐞嗘嚪鐤戠殑绋嬪害锛屾湁缃垽姹烘墠鍙綔鍑恒€備絾鏄湁缃垽姹轰笉鏈�(hu矛)鍥�?y脿n)姗愭殏^浣庣殑璀夋槑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)瑾�(r猫n)瀹氳嚜鐧界殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鑰岃畩寰椾笉鍙潬銆傝鍛婁富寮靛繀闋堜互鎺掗櫎鍚堢悊鎳风枒鐨勮瓑鏄庢(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)渚嗚獚(r猫n)瀹氳嚜鐧芥槸鍚﹀叿鏈夎瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屽敮姝ゆ墠鑳戒繚闅滈潪娉曡瓑鎿�(j霉)鎺掗櫎瑕�(gu墨)鍓囨墍杩芥眰鐨勫児(ji脿)鍊硷紝閫欎竴璜栭粸(di菐n)鍥虹劧寰堟湁鍚稿紩鍔�锛屼絾鍠磾寮�(qi谩ng)瑾�(di脿o)璀夋摎(j霉)鎺掗櫎娉曞墖鎵€杩芥眰鐨勫児(ji脿)鍊硷紝涓嶈冻浠ヨ瓑鏄庢啿娉曚篃瑕佹眰璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勮瓑鏄庣▼搴﹁閬�(d谩)鍒版帓闄ゅ悎鐞嗘嚪鐤戠殑璀夋槑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)銆倇31}闅ㄥ悗鑱�(li谩n)閭︽渶楂樻硶闄㈠湪绉戠緟鎷夊宸炶ù搴峰鍒╂(Colorado v. Connelly){32}涓�锛屽啀娆℃寚鍑烘鏂硅垑璀夌殑璀夋槑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐐哄劒(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)璀夋摎(j霉)锛岃€岄潪娓呮鍜屾湁瑾湇鍔涚殑璀夋槑(clear and convincing evidence)妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)銆�

缍滀笂鑰岃█锛岀暥(d膩ng)鈥滀笉鍚堢悊鈥濈殑閬曟硶閷勯煶閷勫儚鐧�(f膩)鐢熷悗锛屽皪(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鍏峰倷璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勮瓑鏄庯紝濡傛灉瑷�(sh猫)瀹氶亷楂樼殑璀夋槑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)锛屽緢澶氭湁鍍�(ji脿)鍊肩殑璀夋摎(j霉)灏囩劇娉曢€�(j矛n)鍏ユ硶搴�锛屽Θ绀欐浠剁湡鐩哥殑鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)锛岄倓鏈�(hu矛)澧炲姞鏈夌姜涔嬩汉閫嶉仚娉曞鐨勫咕鐜囷紝閫欎笉鏄ぞ鏈�(hu矛)鍜屾皯鐪炬墍鏈熸湜鐨�銆傚€熼憭鑷敱璀夋槑鍜屽毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庡湪璀夋槑妯�(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)涓婄殑鐣屽垎锛岀祼(ji茅)鍚堢編鍦嬭伅(li谩n)閭︽渶楂樻硶闄㈢殑鍒や緥锛岀瓎鑰呰獚(r猫n)鐐�锛岄浼肩▼搴忔€х埈(zh膿ng)榛�(di菐n)鐨勮瓑鏄庢(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鎳�(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)?sh霉)闄€璋栬顖撮瀺璁ｎ拺鑱�?sh铆)娓呮锛岃瓑鎿�(j霉)纰哄(sh铆)鍏呭垎鈥濈殑鍤�(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庢(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)锛岄噰鑷敱璀夋槑瑕�(gu墨)鍓囦腑鐣ヤ綆鐨勮瓑鏄庢(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鍗冲彲锛屽叿楂旂▼搴︿互鎴戝湅姘戜簨瑷磋涓殑鈥滃劒(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)璀夋摎(j霉)鈥濇(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)鐐哄疁銆�

绲�(ji茅)瑾�

鍋垫煡瑷婂晱涓寗闊抽寗鍍忕殑寮曞叆锛岀洰鐨勫湪浜庤(gu墨)鑼冨伒鏌ヤ汉鍝＄殑鍙栬瓑琛岀偤锛屼繚闅滆▕鍟忕▼搴忕殑鍚堟硶鎬у拰渚涜堪鐨勮嚜鎰挎€�銆傚徃娉曞(sh铆)鍕�(w霉)涓�锛岄€氬父鏄鍛婁汉棣栧厛鍦ㄥ涵瀵╀腑浠ラ伃鍙楀垜姹傜偤鐢卞惁瀹氬厛鍓嶈▕鍟忕瓎閷勪腑鐨勪緵杩�锛屾硶搴竴鑸渻(hu矛)鍏堣鏌ョ湅鏈夌劇閷勯煶閷勫儚锛屽鏋滄湁锛岄€氶亷瑾�(di脿o)鍙栨挱鏀炬墠鏈�(hu矛)鐧�(f膩)鐝�(xi脿n)鍙兘鐨勯寗闊抽寗鍍忕瓑閬曟硶鎿嶄綔銆備絾閬曞弽閷勯煶閷勫儚瑕�(gu墨)瀹氱殑瑷婂晱琛岀偤骞朵笉蹇呯劧灏�(d菐o)鑷磋▕鍟忕瓎閷勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勫柂澶�銆備笉鍚屼簬涓€鑸殑瑷€瑭為闈炴硶璀夋摎(j霉)锛屾鏅�(sh铆)锛屾硶搴皪(du矛)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鍙兘瑾�(r猫n)鐐鸿檿浜庘€滅憰鐤碘€濈媭鎱�(t脿i)锛岃▕鍟忕瓎閷勭偤鐟曠柕璀夋摎(j霉)锛岄渶瑕佺敱鎺ф柟渚嗘壙鎿�(d膩n)瑁�(b菙)姝ｆ垨鍚堢悊瑙ｉ噵鐨勮铂(z茅)浠�锛屽叿楂旀柟寮忔槸鍦ㄨ嚜鐢辫瓑鏄庣殑瑕�(gu墨)鍓囦笅閫氶亷绌嶆サ鑸夎瓑渚嗚瓑鏄庤▕鍟忕▼搴忓悎娉曪紝鎿�(d膩n)淇濊鍛婁汉渚涜堪鐨勮嚜鎰挎€�锛岃瓑鏄庣▼搴﹂仈(d谩)鍒板劒(y艒u)鍕�(sh矛)璀夋摎(j霉)鐨勬(bi膩o)婧�(zh菙n)銆�

瑷婂晱涓殑閷勯煶閷勫儚鍒跺害寮曞叆鎴戝湅鐨勬檪(sh铆)闁撲笉闀�锛�2005骞存渶楂樹汉姘戞瀵熼櫌鎵嶇巼鍏堝湪鑱峰嫏(w霉)鐘姜妗堜欢涓帹琛屽悓姝ラ寗闊抽寗鍍�锛岄毃鍚庨€愭鎿�(ku貌)澶у埌姝诲垜妗堜欢锛岀劧鍚庣稉(j墨ng)鍦板崁(q奴)瑭﹂粸(di菐n)锛屽皥瀹惰珫璀�锛寋33}绲備簬鍦�2012骞撮€�(j矛n)鍏ョ珛娉�銆傚叾鍏ユ硶閫熷害涔嬪揩锛岄珨鐝�(xi脿n)浜嗛花鍜屾斂搴滃皪(du矛)娆�(qu谩n)鍔涜(gu墨)鑼冨拰娆�(qu谩n)鍒╀繚闅滅殑閲嶈銆備絾闅ㄨ憲鍒跺害鎺ㄨ鐨勫叏闈㈡繁鍏ワ紝瀵�(sh铆)鍕�(w霉)闆ｉ涔熼€愭几娴従(xi脿n)銆傛湰鏂囪◣璜栫殑閬曞弽閷勯煶閷勫儚瑕�(gu墨)瀹氳▕鍟忕瓎閷勭殑璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏濡備綍瑾�(r猫n)瀹氬氨鏄竴鍊�(g猫)杓冪偤寰�(f霉)闆滅殑鍟忛銆備絾閫欏儏鏄晱椤岀殑涓€鍊�(g猫)鏂归潰锛岃濡傚钩琛¤▕鍟忕瓥鐣ヨ垏鍏ㄧ▼閷勯煶閷勫儚涔嬮枔鐨勫収(n猫i)鍦ㄦ矕绐�锛岀暥(d膩ng)瑷婂晱绛嗛寗鎵€瑷樿級鍏�(n猫i)瀹硅垏閷勯煶閷勫儚鐨勬挱鏀惧収(n猫i)瀹逛笉涓€鑷存檪(sh铆)妗堜欢浜嬪(sh铆)濡備綍瑾�(r猫n)瀹氱瓑锛屼篃閮戒簾寰呯爺绌跺拰濡ュ杽瑙ｆ焙銆傞€欎篃瑷辨槸浠讳綍涓€闋�(xi脿ng)鏂板埗搴︽鍏ユ棦瀛樼殑鍙告硶楂旂郴閮芥渻(hu矛)寮曡捣鐨勬帓鐣板弽鎳�(y墨ng)鎴栨按鍦熶笉鏈嶏紝浣嗙瓎鑰呯浉淇￠€欏儏鍍呮槸鐭湡鐨勯櫍鐥�锛岄毃钁楀埗搴�銆佹(j墨)鍒堕枔鐨勭浉浜掔（鍚�锛屽(xu茅)琛�(sh霉)鐮旂┒鐨勪笉鏂锋繁鍏ヤ互鍙婄悊璜栨寚灏�(d菐o)鐨勬湁鏁堣窡閫�(j矛n)锛岄寗闊抽寗鍍忓埗搴﹀畾鑳芥渶澶ч檺搴﹀湴鐧�(f膩)鎻叾绌嶆サ鍔熸晥銆�

銆愭敞閲嬨€� *鏈枃绯讳綔鑰呬富鎸佺殑涓湅娉曞(xu茅)鏈�(hu矛)2013骞村害閮ㄧ礆(j铆)娉曞(xu茅)鐮旂┒闋�(xi脿ng)鐩€滄瀵熸(j墨)闂�(gu膩n)闃叉不鍒戜簨閷�(cu貌)妗堢殑璺緫鎬濊€冣€�(闋�(xi脿ng)鐩法铏�(h脿o)锛欳LS (2013) D197)鐨勯殠娈垫€х爺绌舵垚鏋�銆�

{1}[婕鐝浐锛氥€婃饥鏇�?璺韩鑸�?zh猫n)槌�?锛屼腑鑿浉灞€2012骞寸増锛岀2065闋�銆�
{2}闄宠垐鑹細銆婇尟(cu貌)妗堜綍浠ュ舰鎴愩€嬶紝銆婃禉姹熷叕瀹夐珮绛�?锛熻寲W(xu茅)鏍″(xu茅)鍫�(b脿o)銆�2005骞寸5鏈燂紝绗�13闋�銆�
{3}鎴戝湅宸查€愭鍚告敹浜嗛€欎簺鍒跺害鐞嗗康銆�2012骞�3鏈�9鏃ュ叏鍦嬩汉澶у父濮旀渻(hu矛)鎻愪氦鍏ㄥ湅浜哄ぇ瀵╄鐨勨€滈棞(gu膩n)浜庛€婁腑鑿汉姘戝叡鍜屽湅鍒戜簨瑷磋娉曚慨姝ｆ(鑽夋)銆嬬殑瑾槑鈥濅腑鎸囧嚭鈥滅偤寰炲埗搴︿笂闃叉鍒戣▕閫间緵琛岀偤鐨勭櫦(f膩)鐢�锛屼慨姝ｆ鑽夋澧炲姞瑕�(gu墨)瀹氫簡鎷樼暀銆侀€崟鍚庡強鏅�(sh铆)閫佺湅瀹堟墍缇堟娂锛屽湪鐪嬪畧鎵€鍏�(n猫i)閫�(j矛n)琛岃▕鍟忓拰瑷婂晱閬庣▼鐨勯寗闊抽寗鍍忓埗搴�?锛�?br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"/>{4}銆婁汉姘戞瀵熼櫌鍒戜簨瑷磋瑕�(gu墨)鍓囥€嬬201姊濋倓瑕�(gu墨)瀹氾細鈥滀汉姘戞瀵熼櫌绔嬫?j矛ng)鍒规娈�?w霉)鐘姜妗堜欢锛屽湪姣忔瑷婂晱鐘姜瀚岀枒浜虹殑鏅�(sh铆)鍊�锛屾噳(y墨ng)鐣�(d膩ng)灏�(du矛)瑷婂晱閬庣▼瀵�(sh铆)琛屽叏绋嬮寗闊炽€侀寗鍍�锛屽苟鍦ㄨ▕鍟忕瓎閷勪腑娉ㄦ槑?锛�?br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"/>{5}2005骞�5鏈�30鏃ワ紝鏈€楂樹汉姘戞瀵熼櫌鍓瀵熼暦鐜嬫尟宸濆湪2006骞村彫闁嬬殑鍏ㄥ湅妾㈠療姗�(j墨)闂�(gu膩n)鎺ㄨ瑷婂晱鑱峰嫏(w霉)鐘姜瀚岀枒浜哄叏绋嬪悓姝ラ寗闊抽寗鍍忓伐浣滅従(xi脿n)鍫�(ch菐ng)鏈�(hu矛)涓婃寚鍑�锛岃▕鍟忛寗闊抽寗鍍忔湁4鍊�(g猫)鈥滄湁鍒╀簬鈥�锛屽嵆鏈夊埄浜庡浐瀹氶棞(gu膩n)閸佃瓑鎿�(j霉)锛涙湁鍒╀簬闃叉鐘姜瀚岀枒浜虹炕渚涘拰瑾ｅ憡杈︽骞茶锛涙湁鍒╀簬閫氶亷鍐嶇従(xi脿n)瀵╄▕閬庣▼锛屽緸涓爺绌跺皨鎵炬柊鐨勬浠剁獊鐮村彛锛涙湁鍒╀簬绺界祼(ji茅)缍�(j墨ng)椹�(y脿n)鏁欒〒(x霉n)锛岄€氶亷瀵�(sh铆)鎴�(zh脿n)妗堜緥鍔犲挤(qi谩ng)灏�(du矛)骞茶鐨勫煿瑷�(x霉n)銆傚弮瑕嬨€婃瀵熸(j墨)闂�(gu膩n)瑷婂晱鑱峰嫏(w霉)鐘姜瀚岀枒浜哄皣鍏ㄧ▼鍚屾閷勯煶閷勫儚銆�锛岃級涓彲浜烘皯鍏卞拰鍦嬩腑澶汉姘戞斂搴滅恫(w菐ng)绔檋ttp://www. gov. cn/jrzg/2006-01/17/content_l61716. htm,2013骞�10鏈�24鏃ヨí鍟忋€�
{6}涓湅绀炬渻(hu矛)绉戝(xu茅)闄㈢櫦(f膩)甯冪殑2010骞淬€婃硶娌昏棈(l谩n)鐨浉銆嬮’绀�锛�2009骞翠腑鍦嬬姱缃暩(sh霉)閲忔墦鐮翠簡2000骞翠互渚嗕竴鐩翠繚鎸佺殑骞崇┅(w臎n)鎱�(t脿i)鍕�(sh矛)锛屽嚭鐝�(xi脿n)澶у箙澧為暦銆傚叾涓�锛屾毚鍔涚姱缃€佽病(c谩i)鐢�(ch菐n)鐘姜绛夋浠跺ぇ閲忓鍔�銆傚弮瑕嬮澇楂橀ⅷ(f膿ng)锛氥€�2009骞翠腑鍦嬬姱缃舰鍕�(sh矛)鍙婂垜浜嬫斂绛栥€嬶紝銆婁腑鍦嬫硶娌荤櫦(f膩)灞曞牨(b脿o)鍛� No.8(2010)銆�锛岀ぞ鏈�(hu矛)绉戝(xu茅)鏂囩嵒(xi脿n)鍑虹増绀�2010骞寸増锛岀177-180闋併€�
{7}鐗熻粛锛氥€婅嚜鐧藉埗搴︾爺绌躲€�锛屼腑鍦嬩汉姘戝叕瀹夊ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�2006骞寸増锛岀252闋�銆�
{8}See Stephan v. State,711 P.2d 1156锛�1159(Alaska 1985).
{9}鑷�(t谩i)鐏ｅ湴鍗€(q奴)鈥滃垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶鈥濈158姊濅箣4瑕�(gu墨)瀹�锛屸€滈櫎娉曞緥鍙︽湁瑕�(gu墨)瀹氬锛屽(sh铆)鏂藉垜浜嬭ù瑷熺▼搴忎箣鍏嫏(w霉)鍝″洜閬曡儗娉曞畾绋嬪簭鍙栧緱涔嬭瓑鎿�(j霉)锛屽叾鏈夌劇璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏涔嬭獚(r猫n)瀹�锛屾噳(y墨ng)瀵╅厡浜烘瑠(qu谩n)淇濋殰鍙婂叕鍏卞埄鐩婁箣鍧囪　缍(h霉)?锛�?br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"/>{10}鎴戝湅鑷�(t谩i)鐏ｅ湴鍗€(q奴)鈥滄渶楂樻硶闄⑩€�1999骞村害鑷�(t谩i)涓婂瓧绗�5762铏�(h脿o)鍒ゆ焙銆�2003骞村害鑷�(t谩i)涓婂瓧绗�4770铏�(h脿o)鍒ゆ焙瑕佹棬銆�
{11}鍚冲贰榫嶏細銆婂垜浜嬭ù瑷熻垏璀夋摎(j霉)娉曞叏闆嗐€�锛岃嚭(t谩i)鍖楁柊瀛�(xu茅)鏋楀嚭鐗堣偂浠芥湁闄愬叕鍙�2008骞寸増锛岀335闋併€�
{12} Mapp v. Ohio,367 U. S.643(1961).
{13}See Andrew E. Taslitz,44High Expectations and Some Wounded Hopes: The Policy and Politics of a Uniform Statute on Yideotaping Cus- todial Interrogations鈥�锛�7 Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy (2012), p.411.
{14}鍏烽珨鎸�?j矛ng)鍒规Э钘汿鍦ㄨ▕鍟忔椿鍕�(d貌ng)鍙栧緱绐佺牬鎬ч€�(j矛n)灞曟垨鑰呯姱缃珜鐤戜汉鏈夌姜渚涜堪鐨勭瓎閷勫埗浣滃畬鐣㈠悗锛屽啀瑕佹眰鐘姜瀚岀枒浜洪噸鏂颁緵杩扮姱缃稉(j墨ng)閬�锛屾垨閭婂康绛嗛寗閭婇寗闊抽寗鍍忋€�
{15} Thomas P. Sullivan, Police Experiences with Recording Custodial Interrogations, Northwestern University School of Law Center on Wrong- ful Convictions, Special Report, No.1 Summer 2004, appendix, pp. C1-C3.
{16}榛冩澅鐔婃暀鎺堣獚(r猫n)鐐�锛屸€滄墍璎傗€樻湁鎬ヨ揩鎯呮硜鈥欙紝涔冩噳(y墨ng)瑾�(r猫n)鐐烘寚鑷ㄦ檪(sh铆)鐒￠寗闊宠ō(sh猫)鍌欐垨閷勫奖瑷�(sh猫)鍌欏彲鐢紝涓斿涓嶅強鏅�(sh铆)鍋佃▕锛屾亹涓嶈兘闃绘鏂扮姱缃櫦(f膩)鐢�锛屾垨鐘姜绲�(ji茅)鏋滅櫦(f膩)鐢�銆佸姞閲嶆垨鎿�(ku貌)澶�锛屾垨鍏辩姱鑴€冪瓑鎯呭舰鑰岃█锛屽濡ョ暥(d膩ng)?锛佺S鏉辩唺銆佸惓鏅姵锛氥€婂垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶璜�(涓�)銆�锛屼笁姘戞浉灞€2005骞寸増锛岀183闋併€�
{17}[鏃涓変簳瑾狅細銆婃棩鏈瀵熷埗搴︿箣鏈€鏂板晱椤屽嫊(d貌ng)鍚戙€�锛岃ū瀹舵簮璀紝銆婃湀鏃︽硶瀛�(xu茅)闆滃織銆�2011骞寸12鏈�锛岀245闋併€�
{18}鈥滄墍璎傗€樺悎娉曡瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥�锛屾槸鎸囧畬鍏ㄧ鍚堟硶瀹氳浠剁殑璀夋摎(j霉)锛屽叾鑷鍏锋湁璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛涜€屸€橀潪娉曡瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥欐槸鎸囨瑺缂烘硶瀹氭(g貌u)鎴愯绱犺€岃嚜濮嬩笉鍏锋湁璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)锛屽叾涓嶅叿鏈変綔鐐鸿瓑鎿�(j霉)鐨勮硣鏍笺€佷笉寰楅噰淇′綔鐐哄畾妗堟牴鎿�(j霉)锛涙墍璎傗€樼憰鐤佃瓑鎿�(j霉)鈥�锛屾槸鎸囧湪娉曞畾璀夋摎(j霉)瑕佷欢涓婂瓨鍦ㄨ紩寰仌娉曟儏绡€(ji茅)(淇楃ū鈥樼憰鐤碘€欐垨鈥樼己闄封€�)鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)銆傜憰鐤佃瓑鎿�(j霉)灞簬璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏寰呭畾鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)锛屽叾鏄惁鍏锋湁璀夋摎(j霉)鑳藉姏锛屽彇姹轰簬鍏剁憰鐤佃兘鍚﹀緱鍒拌(b菙)姝ｆ垨鍚堢悊瑙ｉ噵?锛佹瘮f姣咃細銆婅珫鐟曠柕璀夋摎(j霉)鈥斺€斾互鈥滃叐鍊�(g猫)璀夋摎(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)瀹氣€濈偤鍒嗘瀽灏�(du矛)璞°€�锛屻€婃硶鍟嗙爺绌躲€�2011骞寸5鏈�锛岀118闋�銆�
{19} 2013骞存柦琛岀殑銆婁汉姘戞瀵熼櫌鍒戜簨瑷磋瑕�(gu墨)鍓�(瑭﹁)銆嬬437姊濊(gu墨)瀹�锛屸€滃湪娉曞涵瀵╃悊涓�锛屼笅鍒椾簨瀵�(sh铆)涓嶅繀鎻愬嚭璀夋摎(j霉)閫�(j矛n)琛岃瓑鏄庯細鈥︹€�(鍥�)鍦ㄦ硶搴鐞嗕腑涓嶅瓨鍦ㄧ暟璀扮殑绋嬪簭浜嬪(sh铆)锛涒€︹€︹€�銆�
{20}榛冮泤鑺細銆婅鍛婅嚜鐧戒箣鐮旂┒銆�锛屻€婂徃娉曠爺绌跺勾鍫�(b脿o)銆嬬22杓�锛岀24闋併€�
{21}榛冩湞缇╋細銆婂毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庤垏鑷敱璀夋槑銆�锛岄粌鏉辩唺绛夛細銆婂垜浜嬭瓑鎿�(j霉)娉曞墖涔嬫柊鐧�(f膩)灞曗€斺€旈粌鏉辩唺鏁欐巿涓冪З绁濆＝璜栨枃闆嗐€�锛岃嚭(t谩i)鍖楀(xu茅)鏋楁枃鍖栦簨妤�(y猫)鏈夐檺鍏徃2003骞寸増锛岀77闋�銆�
{22}濡傞緧瀹楁櫤锛氥€娾€滃ぇ璀夋摎(j霉)瀛�(xu茅)鈥濈殑寤烘(g貌u)鍙婂叾瀛�(xu茅)鐞嗐€�锛屻€婃硶瀛�(xu茅)鐮旂┒銆�2006骞寸5鏈�锛涘崬寤烘灄涓荤法锛氥€婅瓑鎿�(j霉)娉曞(xu茅)銆嬶紝涓湅鏀挎硶澶у(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�2007骞寸増锛涘惓瀹忚€€銆侀瓘鏇夊锛氥€婅ù瑷熻瓑鏄庡師鐞嗐€�锛屾硶寰嬪嚭鐗堢ぞ2002骞寸増锛涚緟娴锋晱锛氥€婂垜浜嬭ù瑷熷毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庢帰绌躲€�锛屽寳浜ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�2010骞寸増锛涘悍鎳峰畤銆佸悍鐜夛細銆婂垜浜嬬▼搴忔硶浜嬪(sh铆)鐨勮瓑鏄庢柟娉曘€�锛屻€婄ぞ鏈�(hu矛)绉戝(xu茅)鐮旂┒銆�2009骞寸3鏈燂紱绺卞崥銆侀儩鎰涜粛锛氥€婅珫鑷敱璀夋槑鐨勯檺搴︺€嬶紝銆婁腑鍦嬪垜浜嬫硶闆滃織銆�2010骞寸11鏈熺瓑銆�
{23}鍙冭鏋楅埡闆勶細銆婂毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庤垏鍒戜簨璀夋摎(j霉)銆�锛屾硶寰嬪嚭鐗堢ぞ2008骞寸増锛岀18闋�銆�
{24}鐜嬫鑻憋細銆婅瓑鎿�(j霉)鑳藉姏鑸囧毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庝箣鐮旂┒銆�锛屻€婂徃娉曠爺绌跺勾鍫�(b脿o)銆嬬20杓紝绗�61闋�銆�
{25}闄崇憺鑿細銆婄▼搴忔€ц鍒や腑鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)鍓囥€�锛屻€婃硶瀛�(xu茅)瀹躲€�2011骞寸4鏈�锛岀132闋�銆�
{26}绺卞崥銆侀儩鎰涜粛锛氥€婅珫鑷敱璀夋槑鐨勯檺搴︺€�锛屻€婁腑鍦嬪垜浜嬫硶闆滃織銆�2010骞寸11鏈�锛岀闋併€�
{27}[鏃鐢板彛瀹堜竴锛氥€婂垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶銆�锛屽妷杩€佸嫉鍑岃锛屾硶寰嬪嚭鐗堢ぞ2000骞寸増锛岀219闋�銆�
{28}鍚屾敞23锛岀18-19闋併€�
{29}鍗炲缓鏋楄锛氥€婄編鍦嬭伅(li谩n)閭﹀垜浜嬭ù瑷熻瓑鎿�(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)鍓囧拰璀夋摎(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)鍓囥€�锛屼腑鍦嬫斂娉曞ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�1996骞寸増锛岀22闋�銆�
{30}See Lego v. Twomey,404 U. S.477(1972).
{31} p. dt., All,488-489(1972).
{32} See Colorado v. Connelly,479 U. S.157(1986).
{33}鐩搁棞(gu膩n)鍏�(n猫i)瀹瑰彲鍙冭妯婂磭缇�銆侀¨姘稿繝涓荤法锛氥€婂伒鏌ヨ▕鍟忕▼搴忔敼闈╁(sh铆)璀夌爺绌垛€斺€斿伒鏌ヨ▕鍟忎腑寰嬪斧鍦ㄥ牬(ch菐ng)銆侀寗闊�銆侀寗鍍忓埗搴﹁│椹�(y脿n)銆嬶紝涓湅浜烘皯鍏畨澶у(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�2007骞寸増銆�
銆愬弮鑰冩枃鐛�(xi脿n)銆� 1.鍗炲缓鏋楄锛氥€婄編鍦嬭伅(li谩n)閭﹀垜浜嬭ù瑷熻瓑鎿�(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)鍓囧拰璀夋摎(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)鍓囥€�锛屼腑鍦嬫斂娉曞ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�1996骞寸増銆�
2.榛冩澅鐔�銆佸惓鏅姵锛氥€婂垜浜嬭ù瑷熸硶璜�(涓�)銆�(绗叚鐗�)锛屼笁姘戞浉灞€2005骞寸増銆�
3.鐗熻粛锛氥€婅嚜鐧藉埗搴︾爺绌躲€�锛屼腑鍦嬩汉姘戝叕瀹夊ぇ瀛�(xu茅)鍑虹増绀�2006骞寸増銆�
4.鏋楅埡闆勶細銆婂毚(y谩n)鏍艰瓑鏄庤垏鍒戜簨璀夋摎(j霉)銆�锛屾硶寰嬪嚭鐗堢ぞ2008骞寸増銆�
5.鍚冲贰榫嶏細銆婂垜浜嬭ù瑷熻垏璀夋摎(j霉)娉曞叏闆嗐€�锛岃嚭(t谩i)鍖楁柊瀛�(xu茅)鏋楀嚭鐗堣偂浠芥湁闄愬叕鍙�2008骞寸増銆�
6.闄崇憺鑿細銆婄▼搴忔€ц鍒や腑鐨勮瓑鎿�(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)鍓囥€嬶紝銆婃硶瀛�(xu茅)瀹躲€�2011骞寸4鏈�銆�
7.钀瘏锛氥€婅珫鐟曠柕璀夋摎(j霉)鈥斺€斾互鈥滃叐鍊�(g猫)璀夋摎(j霉)瑕�(gu墨)瀹氣€濈偤鍒嗘瀽灏�(du矛)璞°€�锛屻€婃硶鍟嗙爺绌躲€�2011骞寸5鏈熴€�

鍑鸿檿:銆婃硶瀛�(xu茅)瀹躲€�2014骞寸2鏈�

鍒嗕韩鍒帮細